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Cap Gemini Ernst & Young: A Global Merger (A) Net Present Value (NPV) / MBA Resources

Introduction to Net Present Value (NPV) - What is Net Present Value (NPV) ? How it impacts financial decisions regarding project management?

NPV solution for Cap Gemini Ernst & Young: A Global Merger (A) case study


At Oak Spring University, we provide corporate level professional Net Present Value (NPV) case study solution. Cap Gemini Ernst & Young: A Global Merger (A) case study is a Harvard Business School (HBR) case study written by Ashish Nanda, Lisa Rohrer, Bertrand Moingeon, Guillaume Soenen. The Cap Gemini Ernst & Young: A Global Merger (A) (referred as “Ernst Gemini” from here on) case study provides evaluation & decision scenario in field of Strategy & Execution. It also touches upon business topics such as - Value proposition, IT, Mergers & acquisitions, Negotiations.

The net present value (NPV) of an investment proposal is the present value of the proposal’s net cash flows less the proposal’s initial cash outflow. If a project’s NPV is greater than or equal to zero, the project should be accepted.

NPV = Present Value of Future Cash Flows LESS Project’s Initial Investment






Case Description of Cap Gemini Ernst & Young: A Global Merger (A) Case Study


French IT consulting giant Cap Gemini is poised to purchase the consulting arm of Ernst & Young, a U.S.-based Big 5 accounting firm. In doing so, many differences need to be resolved, including negotiating with Ernst & Young entities all over the world as well as converting Ernst & Young partners into employees of publicly held Cap Gemini. Amidst all of the decisions, the market for IT consulting services is changing rapidly, further complicating the merger negotiations and implementation. Teaching Purpose: To study the range of issues that must be considered and resolved in negotiating a professional services firm merger, the valuation and motivational challenges associated with merging a private entity into a public entity, and the challenges of negotiating a cross-border merger.


Case Authors : Ashish Nanda, Lisa Rohrer, Bertrand Moingeon, Guillaume Soenen

Topic : Strategy & Execution

Related Areas : IT, Mergers & acquisitions, Negotiations




Calculating Net Present Value (NPV) at 6% for Cap Gemini Ernst & Young: A Global Merger (A) Case Study


Years              Cash Flow     Net Cash Flow     Cumulative    
Cash Flow
Discount Rate
@ 6 %
Discounted
Cash Flows
Year 0 (10019827) -10019827 - -
Year 1 3455454 -6564373 3455454 0.9434 3259862
Year 2 3977090 -2587283 7432544 0.89 3539596
Year 3 3970949 1383666 11403493 0.8396 3334085
Year 4 3223582 4607248 14627075 0.7921 2553379
TOTAL 14627075 12686922




The Net Present Value at 6% discount rate is 2667095

In isolation the NPV number doesn't mean much but put in right context then it is one of the best method to evaluate project returns. In this article we will cover -

Different methods of capital budgeting


What is NPV & Formula of NPV,
How it is calculated,
How to use NPV number for project evaluation, and
Scenario Planning given risks and management priorities.




Capital Budgeting Approaches

Methods of Capital Budgeting


There are four types of capital budgeting techniques that are widely used in the corporate world –

1. Profitability Index
2. Internal Rate of Return
3. Net Present Value
4. Payback Period

Apart from the Payback period method which is an additive method, rest of the methods are based on Discounted Cash Flow technique. Even though cash flow can be calculated based on the nature of the project, for the simplicity of the article we are assuming that all the expected cash flows are realized at the end of the year.

Discounted Cash Flow approaches provide a more objective basis for evaluating and selecting investment projects. They take into consideration both –

1. Timing of the expected cash flows – stockholders of Ernst Gemini have higher preference for cash returns over 4-5 years rather than 10-15 years given the nature of the volatility in the industry.
2. Magnitude of both incoming and outgoing cash flows – Projects can be capital intensive, time intensive, or both. Ernst Gemini shareholders have preference for diversified projects investment rather than prospective high income from a single capital intensive project.






Formula and Steps to Calculate Net Present Value (NPV) of Cap Gemini Ernst & Young: A Global Merger (A)

NPV = Net Cash In Flowt1 / (1+r)t1 + Net Cash In Flowt2 / (1+r)t2 + … Net Cash In Flowtn / (1+r)tn
Less Net Cash Out Flowt0 / (1+r)t0

Where t = time period, in this case year 1, year 2 and so on.
r = discount rate or return that could be earned using other safe proposition such as fixed deposit or treasury bond rate. Net Cash In Flow – What the firm will get each year.
Net Cash Out Flow – What the firm needs to invest initially in the project.

Step 1 – Understand the nature of the project and calculate cash flow for each year.
Step 2 – Discount those cash flow based on the discount rate.
Step 3 – Add all the discounted cash flow.
Step 4 – Selection of the project

Why Strategy & Execution Managers need to know Financial Tools such as Net Present Value (NPV)?

In our daily workplace we often come across people and colleagues who are just focused on their core competency and targets they have to deliver. For example marketing managers at Ernst Gemini often design programs whose objective is to drive brand awareness and customer reach. But how that 30 point increase in brand awareness or 10 point increase in customer touch points will result into shareholders’ value is not specified.

To overcome such scenarios managers at Ernst Gemini needs to not only know the financial aspect of project management but also needs to have tools to integrate them into part of the project development and monitoring plan.

Calculating Net Present Value (NPV) at 15%

After working through various assumptions we reached a conclusion that risk is far higher than 6%. In a reasonably stable industry with weak competition - 15% discount rate can be a good benchmark.



Years              Cash Flow     Net Cash Flow     Cumulative    
Cash Flow
Discount Rate
@ 15 %
Discounted
Cash Flows
Year 0 (10019827) -10019827 - -
Year 1 3455454 -6564373 3455454 0.8696 3004743
Year 2 3977090 -2587283 7432544 0.7561 3007251
Year 3 3970949 1383666 11403493 0.6575 2610963
Year 4 3223582 4607248 14627075 0.5718 1843093
TOTAL 10466051


The Net NPV after 4 years is 446224

(10466051 - 10019827 )








Calculating Net Present Value (NPV) at 20%


If the risk component is high in the industry then we should go for a higher hurdle rate / discount rate of 20%.

Years              Cash Flow     Net Cash Flow     Cumulative    
Cash Flow
Discount Rate
@ 20 %
Discounted
Cash Flows
Year 0 (10019827) -10019827 - -
Year 1 3455454 -6564373 3455454 0.8333 2879545
Year 2 3977090 -2587283 7432544 0.6944 2761868
Year 3 3970949 1383666 11403493 0.5787 2298003
Year 4 3223582 4607248 14627075 0.4823 1554582
TOTAL 9493998


The Net NPV after 4 years is -525829

At 20% discount rate the NPV is negative (9493998 - 10019827 ) so ideally we can't select the project if macro and micro factors don't allow financial managers of Ernst Gemini to discount cash flow at lower discount rates such as 15%.





Acceptance Criteria of a Project based on NPV

Simplest Approach – If the investment project of Ernst Gemini has a NPV value higher than Zero then finance managers at Ernst Gemini can ACCEPT the project, otherwise they can reject the project. This means that project will deliver higher returns over the period of time than any alternate investment strategy.

In theory if the required rate of return or discount rate is chosen correctly by finance managers at Ernst Gemini, then the stock price of the Ernst Gemini should change by same amount of the NPV. In real world we know that share price also reflects various other factors that can be related to both macro and micro environment.

In the same vein – accepting the project with zero NPV should result in stagnant share price. Finance managers use discount rates as a measure of risk components in the project execution process.

Sensitivity Analysis

Project selection is often a far more complex decision than just choosing it based on the NPV number. Finance managers at Ernst Gemini should conduct a sensitivity analysis to better understand not only the inherent risk of the projects but also how those risks can be either factored in or mitigated during the project execution. Sensitivity analysis helps in –

Understanding of risks involved in the project.

What are the key aspects of the projects that need to be monitored, refined, and retuned for continuous delivery of projected cash flows.

What are the uncertainties surrounding the project Initial Cash Outlay (ICO’s). ICO’s often have several different components such as land, machinery, building, and other equipment.

What will be a multi year spillover effect of various taxation regulations.

What can impact the cash flow of the project.

Some of the assumptions while using the Discounted Cash Flow Methods –

Projects are assumed to be Mutually Exclusive – This is seldom the came in modern day giant organizations where projects are often inter-related and rejecting a project solely based on NPV can result in sunk cost from a related project.

Independent projects have independent cash flows – As explained in the marketing project – though the project may look independent but in reality it is not as the brand awareness project can be closely associated with the spending on sales promotions and product specific advertising.






Negotiation Strategy of Cap Gemini Ernst & Young: A Global Merger (A)

References & Further Readings

Ashish Nanda, Lisa Rohrer, Bertrand Moingeon, Guillaume Soenen (2018), "Cap Gemini Ernst & Young: A Global Merger (A) Harvard Business Review Case Study. Published by HBR Publications.


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