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Sensor-Based Entrepreneurship: A Framework for Developing New Products and Services Net Present Value (NPV) / MBA Resources

Introduction to Net Present Value (NPV) - What is Net Present Value (NPV) ? How it impacts financial decisions regarding project management?

NPV solution for Sensor-Based Entrepreneurship: A Framework for Developing New Products and Services case study


At Oak Spring University, we provide corporate level professional Net Present Value (NPV) case study solution. Sensor-Based Entrepreneurship: A Framework for Developing New Products and Services case study is a Harvard Business School (HBR) case study written by Terrence E. Brown. The Sensor-Based Entrepreneurship: A Framework for Developing New Products and Services (referred as “Crowdsourcing Sensor” from here on) case study provides evaluation & decision scenario in field of Innovation & Entrepreneurship. It also touches upon business topics such as - Value proposition, Entrepreneurship, Internet, Product development, Strategy.

The net present value (NPV) of an investment proposal is the present value of the proposal’s net cash flows less the proposal’s initial cash outflow. If a project’s NPV is greater than or equal to zero, the project should be accepted.

NPV = Present Value of Future Cash Flows LESS Project’s Initial Investment






Case Description of Sensor-Based Entrepreneurship: A Framework for Developing New Products and Services Case Study


As the Internet of Things (IoT) begins to dominate the technology landscape, there will be new products and services that will become technically and financially feasible. Internet technologies and advancements in social interaction tools have led to an increase in the use of the crowd as a provider of business solutions. Yet we have just seen a fraction of the possibilities of crowdsourcing technologies. This is because most of the development, discussion, and research around crowdsourcing has focused on active-input crowdsourcing. However, the real transformative pressure will come from passive sources of data generated primarily by developing and growing sensor technologies. This next generation of crowdsourcing will be a game changer for entrepreneurial opportunities. As crowdsourcing systems proliferate, more input will be acquired from sensors, artificial intelligence, bots, and other devices. As a result of this explosion, the variety of product and service opportunities will swell as entrepreneurs become more aware of technologies merging, such as the combination of crowdsourcing, sensors, and big data into a new type of entrepreneurship-sensor-based entrepreneurship. The purpose of this research is to contribute by, first, clarifying the next generation of crowdsourcing and, second, developing and presenting a framework to help sensor-based entrepreneurs plan, develop, and map their new products and services.


Case Authors : Terrence E. Brown

Topic : Innovation & Entrepreneurship

Related Areas : Entrepreneurship, Internet, Product development, Strategy




Calculating Net Present Value (NPV) at 6% for Sensor-Based Entrepreneurship: A Framework for Developing New Products and Services Case Study


Years              Cash Flow     Net Cash Flow     Cumulative    
Cash Flow
Discount Rate
@ 6 %
Discounted
Cash Flows
Year 0 (10001993) -10001993 - -
Year 1 3466191 -6535802 3466191 0.9434 3269992
Year 2 3976578 -2559224 7442769 0.89 3539140
Year 3 3972517 1413293 11415286 0.8396 3335402
Year 4 3228890 4642183 14644176 0.7921 2557583
TOTAL 14644176 12702117




The Net Present Value at 6% discount rate is 2700124

In isolation the NPV number doesn't mean much but put in right context then it is one of the best method to evaluate project returns. In this article we will cover -

Different methods of capital budgeting


What is NPV & Formula of NPV,
How it is calculated,
How to use NPV number for project evaluation, and
Scenario Planning given risks and management priorities.




Capital Budgeting Approaches

Methods of Capital Budgeting


There are four types of capital budgeting techniques that are widely used in the corporate world –

1. Profitability Index
2. Payback Period
3. Internal Rate of Return
4. Net Present Value

Apart from the Payback period method which is an additive method, rest of the methods are based on Discounted Cash Flow technique. Even though cash flow can be calculated based on the nature of the project, for the simplicity of the article we are assuming that all the expected cash flows are realized at the end of the year.

Discounted Cash Flow approaches provide a more objective basis for evaluating and selecting investment projects. They take into consideration both –

1. Magnitude of both incoming and outgoing cash flows – Projects can be capital intensive, time intensive, or both. Crowdsourcing Sensor shareholders have preference for diversified projects investment rather than prospective high income from a single capital intensive project.
2. Timing of the expected cash flows – stockholders of Crowdsourcing Sensor have higher preference for cash returns over 4-5 years rather than 10-15 years given the nature of the volatility in the industry.






Formula and Steps to Calculate Net Present Value (NPV) of Sensor-Based Entrepreneurship: A Framework for Developing New Products and Services

NPV = Net Cash In Flowt1 / (1+r)t1 + Net Cash In Flowt2 / (1+r)t2 + … Net Cash In Flowtn / (1+r)tn
Less Net Cash Out Flowt0 / (1+r)t0

Where t = time period, in this case year 1, year 2 and so on.
r = discount rate or return that could be earned using other safe proposition such as fixed deposit or treasury bond rate. Net Cash In Flow – What the firm will get each year.
Net Cash Out Flow – What the firm needs to invest initially in the project.

Step 1 – Understand the nature of the project and calculate cash flow for each year.
Step 2 – Discount those cash flow based on the discount rate.
Step 3 – Add all the discounted cash flow.
Step 4 – Selection of the project

Why Innovation & Entrepreneurship Managers need to know Financial Tools such as Net Present Value (NPV)?

In our daily workplace we often come across people and colleagues who are just focused on their core competency and targets they have to deliver. For example marketing managers at Crowdsourcing Sensor often design programs whose objective is to drive brand awareness and customer reach. But how that 30 point increase in brand awareness or 10 point increase in customer touch points will result into shareholders’ value is not specified.

To overcome such scenarios managers at Crowdsourcing Sensor needs to not only know the financial aspect of project management but also needs to have tools to integrate them into part of the project development and monitoring plan.

Calculating Net Present Value (NPV) at 15%

After working through various assumptions we reached a conclusion that risk is far higher than 6%. In a reasonably stable industry with weak competition - 15% discount rate can be a good benchmark.



Years              Cash Flow     Net Cash Flow     Cumulative    
Cash Flow
Discount Rate
@ 15 %
Discounted
Cash Flows
Year 0 (10001993) -10001993 - -
Year 1 3466191 -6535802 3466191 0.8696 3014079
Year 2 3976578 -2559224 7442769 0.7561 3006864
Year 3 3972517 1413293 11415286 0.6575 2611994
Year 4 3228890 4642183 14644176 0.5718 1846128
TOTAL 10479066


The Net NPV after 4 years is 477073

(10479066 - 10001993 )








Calculating Net Present Value (NPV) at 20%


If the risk component is high in the industry then we should go for a higher hurdle rate / discount rate of 20%.

Years              Cash Flow     Net Cash Flow     Cumulative    
Cash Flow
Discount Rate
@ 20 %
Discounted
Cash Flows
Year 0 (10001993) -10001993 - -
Year 1 3466191 -6535802 3466191 0.8333 2888493
Year 2 3976578 -2559224 7442769 0.6944 2761513
Year 3 3972517 1413293 11415286 0.5787 2298910
Year 4 3228890 4642183 14644176 0.4823 1557142
TOTAL 9506057


The Net NPV after 4 years is -495936

At 20% discount rate the NPV is negative (9506057 - 10001993 ) so ideally we can't select the project if macro and micro factors don't allow financial managers of Crowdsourcing Sensor to discount cash flow at lower discount rates such as 15%.





Acceptance Criteria of a Project based on NPV

Simplest Approach – If the investment project of Crowdsourcing Sensor has a NPV value higher than Zero then finance managers at Crowdsourcing Sensor can ACCEPT the project, otherwise they can reject the project. This means that project will deliver higher returns over the period of time than any alternate investment strategy.

In theory if the required rate of return or discount rate is chosen correctly by finance managers at Crowdsourcing Sensor, then the stock price of the Crowdsourcing Sensor should change by same amount of the NPV. In real world we know that share price also reflects various other factors that can be related to both macro and micro environment.

In the same vein – accepting the project with zero NPV should result in stagnant share price. Finance managers use discount rates as a measure of risk components in the project execution process.

Sensitivity Analysis

Project selection is often a far more complex decision than just choosing it based on the NPV number. Finance managers at Crowdsourcing Sensor should conduct a sensitivity analysis to better understand not only the inherent risk of the projects but also how those risks can be either factored in or mitigated during the project execution. Sensitivity analysis helps in –

What will be a multi year spillover effect of various taxation regulations.

Understanding of risks involved in the project.

What can impact the cash flow of the project.

What are the uncertainties surrounding the project Initial Cash Outlay (ICO’s). ICO’s often have several different components such as land, machinery, building, and other equipment.

What are the key aspects of the projects that need to be monitored, refined, and retuned for continuous delivery of projected cash flows.

Some of the assumptions while using the Discounted Cash Flow Methods –

Projects are assumed to be Mutually Exclusive – This is seldom the came in modern day giant organizations where projects are often inter-related and rejecting a project solely based on NPV can result in sunk cost from a related project.

Independent projects have independent cash flows – As explained in the marketing project – though the project may look independent but in reality it is not as the brand awareness project can be closely associated with the spending on sales promotions and product specific advertising.






Negotiation Strategy of Sensor-Based Entrepreneurship: A Framework for Developing New Products and Services

References & Further Readings

Terrence E. Brown (2018), "Sensor-Based Entrepreneurship: A Framework for Developing New Products and Services Harvard Business Review Case Study. Published by HBR Publications.


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