Good Business Creates Good Business: Southwest Creations Collaborative (B) Net Present Value (NPV) / MBA Resources

Introduction to Net Present Value (NPV) - What is Net Present Value (NPV) ? How it impacts financial decisions regarding project management?

NPV solution for Good Business Creates Good Business: Southwest Creations Collaborative (B) case study

At Oak Spring University, we provide corporate level professional Net Present Value (NPV) case study solution. Good Business Creates Good Business: Southwest Creations Collaborative (B) case study is a Harvard Business School (HBR) case study written by Jeanne M. Logsdon, Jonathan N. Bundy. The Good Business Creates Good Business: Southwest Creations Collaborative (B) (referred as “Scc Creations” from here on) case study provides evaluation & decision scenario in field of Organizational Development. It also touches upon business topics such as - Value proposition, Gender, Social enterprise, Social responsibility, Venture capital.

The net present value (NPV) of an investment proposal is the present value of the proposal’s net cash flows less the proposal’s initial cash outflow. If a project’s NPV is greater than or equal to zero, the project should be accepted.

NPV = Present Value of Future Cash Flows LESS Project’s Initial Investment

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Case Description of Good Business Creates Good Business: Southwest Creations Collaborative (B) Case Study

Southwest Creations Collaborative (SCC) was a non-profit social enterprise dedicated to promoting the employability and financial independence of poor immigrant women in Albuquerque, New Mexico. It sought to accomplish its mission by providing part-time and later full-time sewing and handwork jobs in a contract manufacturing business. SCC also provided many social program activities for employees, including onsite childcare, English lessons, health education, and computer classes. The organization's financial support came from a combination of contract work and grant funding. The two cases stretch through the life of SCC, from its inception in 1994 through the middle of 2008. Case (A) covers the initial formation of the organization in 1994, from the perspective of the founder and executive director, and leads to a decision point regarding a possible relationship with a social venture consulting group in 2005. Case (B) begins where Case (A) ends and concludes with decisions in 2008 about whether or not to expand the business in order to become more economically self-sufficient and less reliant on grants and donations, and whether to increase its impact by marketing its approach to employee social programs to local companies and other organizations.

Case Authors : Jeanne M. Logsdon, Jonathan N. Bundy

Topic : Organizational Development

Related Areas : Gender, Social enterprise, Social responsibility, Venture capital

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Calculating Net Present Value (NPV) at 6% for Good Business Creates Good Business: Southwest Creations Collaborative (B) Case Study

Years	Cash Flow	Net Cash Flow	Cumulative     Cash Flow	Discount Rate @ 6 %	Discounted Cash Flows
Year 0	(10019847)	-10019847	-	-
Year 1	3453739	-6566108	3453739	0.9434	3258244
Year 2	3969470	-2596638	7423209	0.89	3532814
Year 3	3959470	1362832	11382679	0.8396	3324447
Year 4	3234406	4597238	14617085	0.7921	2561952
TOTAL			14617085		12677458

The Net Present Value at 6% discount rate is 2657611

In isolation the NPV number doesn't mean much but put in right context then it is one of the best method to evaluate project returns. In this article we will cover -

Different methods of capital budgeting

What is NPV & Formula of NPV,
How it is calculated,
How to use NPV number for project evaluation, and
Scenario Planning given risks and management priorities.

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Capital Budgeting Approaches

Methods of Capital Budgeting

There are four types of capital budgeting techniques that are widely used in the corporate world –

1. Payback Period
2. Profitability Index
3. Net Present Value
4. Internal Rate of Return

Apart from the Payback period method which is an additive method, rest of the methods are based on Discounted Cash Flow technique. Even though cash flow can be calculated based on the nature of the project, for the simplicity of the article we are assuming that all the expected cash flows are realized at the end of the year.

Discounted Cash Flow approaches provide a more objective basis for evaluating and selecting investment projects. They take into consideration both –

1. Timing of the expected cash flows – stockholders of Scc Creations have higher preference for cash returns over 4-5 years rather than 10-15 years given the nature of the volatility in the industry.
2. Magnitude of both incoming and outgoing cash flows – Projects can be capital intensive, time intensive, or both. Scc Creations shareholders have preference for diversified projects investment rather than prospective high income from a single capital intensive project.

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Formula and Steps to Calculate Net Present Value (NPV) of Good Business Creates Good Business: Southwest Creations Collaborative (B)

NPV = Net Cash In Flowt1 / (1+r)t1 + Net Cash In Flowt2 / (1+r)t2 + … Net Cash In Flowtn / (1+r)tn
Less Net Cash Out Flowt0 / (1+r)t0

Where t = time period, in this case year 1, year 2 and so on.
r = discount rate or return that could be earned using other safe proposition such as fixed deposit or treasury bond rate. Net Cash In Flow – What the firm will get each year.
Net Cash Out Flow – What the firm needs to invest initially in the project.

Step 1 – Understand the nature of the project and calculate cash flow for each year.
Step 2 – Discount those cash flow based on the discount rate.
Step 3 – Add all the discounted cash flow.
Step 4 – Selection of the project

Why Organizational Development Managers need to know Financial Tools such as Net Present Value (NPV)?

In our daily workplace we often come across people and colleagues who are just focused on their core competency and targets they have to deliver. For example marketing managers at Scc Creations often design programs whose objective is to drive brand awareness and customer reach. But how that 30 point increase in brand awareness or 10 point increase in customer touch points will result into shareholders’ value is not specified.

To overcome such scenarios managers at Scc Creations needs to not only know the financial aspect of project management but also needs to have tools to integrate them into part of the project development and monitoring plan.

Calculating Net Present Value (NPV) at 15%

After working through various assumptions we reached a conclusion that risk is far higher than 6%. In a reasonably stable industry with weak competition - 15% discount rate can be a good benchmark.

Years	Cash Flow	Net Cash Flow	Cumulative     Cash Flow	Discount Rate @ 15 %	Discounted Cash Flows
Year 0	(10019847)	-10019847	-	-
Year 1	3453739	-6566108	3453739	0.8696	3003251
Year 2	3969470	-2596638	7423209	0.7561	3001490
Year 3	3959470	1362832	11382679	0.6575	2603416
Year 4	3234406	4597238	14617085	0.5718	1849282
TOTAL					10457439

The Net NPV after 4 years is 437592

(10457439 - 10019847 )

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Calculating Net Present Value (NPV) at 20%

If the risk component is high in the industry then we should go for a higher hurdle rate / discount rate of 20%.

Years	Cash Flow	Net Cash Flow	Cumulative     Cash Flow	Discount Rate @ 20 %	Discounted Cash Flows
Year 0	(10019847)	-10019847	-	-
Year 1	3453739	-6566108	3453739	0.8333	2878116
Year 2	3969470	-2596638	7423209	0.6944	2756576
Year 3	3959470	1362832	11382679	0.5787	2291360
Year 4	3234406	4597238	14617085	0.4823	1559802
TOTAL					9485854

The Net NPV after 4 years is -533993

At 20% discount rate the NPV is negative (9485854 - 10019847 ) so ideally we can't select the project if macro and micro factors don't allow financial managers of Scc Creations to discount cash flow at lower discount rates such as 15%.

Acceptance Criteria of a Project based on NPV

Simplest Approach – If the investment project of Scc Creations has a NPV value higher than Zero then finance managers at Scc Creations can ACCEPT the project, otherwise they can reject the project. This means that project will deliver higher returns over the period of time than any alternate investment strategy.

In theory if the required rate of return or discount rate is chosen correctly by finance managers at Scc Creations, then the stock price of the Scc Creations should change by same amount of the NPV. In real world we know that share price also reflects various other factors that can be related to both macro and micro environment.

In the same vein – accepting the project with zero NPV should result in stagnant share price. Finance managers use discount rates as a measure of risk components in the project execution process.

Sensitivity Analysis

Project selection is often a far more complex decision than just choosing it based on the NPV number. Finance managers at Scc Creations should conduct a sensitivity analysis to better understand not only the inherent risk of the projects but also how those risks can be either factored in or mitigated during the project execution. Sensitivity analysis helps in –

What are the uncertainties surrounding the project Initial Cash Outlay (ICO’s). ICO’s often have several different components such as land, machinery, building, and other equipment.

What are the key aspects of the projects that need to be monitored, refined, and retuned for continuous delivery of projected cash flows.

What will be a multi year spillover effect of various taxation regulations.

What can impact the cash flow of the project.

Understanding of risks involved in the project.

Some of the assumptions while using the Discounted Cash Flow Methods –

Projects are assumed to be Mutually Exclusive – This is seldom the came in modern day giant organizations where projects are often inter-related and rejecting a project solely based on NPV can result in sunk cost from a related project.

Independent projects have independent cash flows – As explained in the marketing project – though the project may look independent but in reality it is not as the brand awareness project can be closely associated with the spending on sales promotions and product specific advertising.

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Negotiation Strategy of Good Business Creates Good Business: Southwest Creations Collaborative (B)

References & Further Readings

Jeanne M. Logsdon, Jonathan N. Bundy (2018), "Good Business Creates Good Business: Southwest Creations Collaborative (B) Harvard Business Review Case Study. Published by HBR Publications.