EU Design's Rise in the Apparel and Fashion Industry: Formalizing Management and Incentive Systems Net Present Value (NPV) / MBA Resources

Introduction to Net Present Value (NPV) - What is Net Present Value (NPV) ? How it impacts financial decisions regarding project management?

NPV solution for EU Design's Rise in the Apparel and Fashion Industry: Formalizing Management and Incentive Systems case study

At Oak Spring University, we provide corporate level professional Net Present Value (NPV) case study solution. EU Design's Rise in the Apparel and Fashion Industry: Formalizing Management and Incentive Systems case study is a Harvard Business School (HBR) case study written by Neale O'Connor, Edo de Vries Robbe. The EU Design's Rise in the Apparel and Fashion Industry: Formalizing Management and Incentive Systems (referred as “Design's Eu” from here on) case study provides evaluation & decision scenario in field of Organizational Development. It also touches upon business topics such as - Value proposition, Corporate governance, Leadership, Motivating people, Supply chain.

The net present value (NPV) of an investment proposal is the present value of the proposal’s net cash flows less the proposal’s initial cash outflow. If a project’s NPV is greater than or equal to zero, the project should be accepted.

NPV = Present Value of Future Cash Flows LESS Project’s Initial Investment

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Case Description of EU Design's Rise in the Apparel and Fashion Industry: Formalizing Management and Incentive Systems Case Study

EU Design is an increasingly important trim supplier for various companies in the apparel and fashion industry in both New York and Hong Kong. Since its establishment in 1999, the company has grown gradually, attracting more customers and employing more staff. By 2009, however, further growth has been obstructed by an informal management style, an inappropriate organizational structure and a simple incentive system that is suitable only for a small company. The situation has been worsened by the global financial crisis. With falling margins, there is a need for expanding the customer base and for staff to become more sales-oriented. With limited funds, EU Design's owner needs to decide how to transform the company and which management control systems to implement first.

Case Authors : Neale O'Connor, Edo de Vries Robbe

Topic : Organizational Development

Related Areas : Corporate governance, Leadership, Motivating people, Supply chain

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Calculating Net Present Value (NPV) at 6% for EU Design's Rise in the Apparel and Fashion Industry: Formalizing Management and Incentive Systems Case Study

Years	Cash Flow	Net Cash Flow	Cumulative     Cash Flow	Discount Rate @ 6 %	Discounted Cash Flows
Year 0	(10013153)	-10013153	-	-
Year 1	3450566	-6562587	3450566	0.9434	3255251
Year 2	3980573	-2582014	7431139	0.89	3542696
Year 3	3939996	1357982	11371135	0.8396	3308097
Year 4	3249184	4607166	14620319	0.7921	2573658
TOTAL			14620319		12679701

The Net Present Value at 6% discount rate is 2666548

In isolation the NPV number doesn't mean much but put in right context then it is one of the best method to evaluate project returns. In this article we will cover -

Different methods of capital budgeting

What is NPV & Formula of NPV,
How it is calculated,
How to use NPV number for project evaluation, and
Scenario Planning given risks and management priorities.

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Capital Budgeting Approaches

Methods of Capital Budgeting

There are four types of capital budgeting techniques that are widely used in the corporate world –

1. Net Present Value
2. Profitability Index
3. Payback Period
4. Internal Rate of Return

Apart from the Payback period method which is an additive method, rest of the methods are based on Discounted Cash Flow technique. Even though cash flow can be calculated based on the nature of the project, for the simplicity of the article we are assuming that all the expected cash flows are realized at the end of the year.

Discounted Cash Flow approaches provide a more objective basis for evaluating and selecting investment projects. They take into consideration both –

1. Timing of the expected cash flows – stockholders of Design's Eu have higher preference for cash returns over 4-5 years rather than 10-15 years given the nature of the volatility in the industry.
2. Magnitude of both incoming and outgoing cash flows – Projects can be capital intensive, time intensive, or both. Design's Eu shareholders have preference for diversified projects investment rather than prospective high income from a single capital intensive project.

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Formula and Steps to Calculate Net Present Value (NPV) of EU Design's Rise in the Apparel and Fashion Industry: Formalizing Management and Incentive Systems

NPV = Net Cash In Flowt1 / (1+r)t1 + Net Cash In Flowt2 / (1+r)t2 + … Net Cash In Flowtn / (1+r)tn
Less Net Cash Out Flowt0 / (1+r)t0

Where t = time period, in this case year 1, year 2 and so on.
r = discount rate or return that could be earned using other safe proposition such as fixed deposit or treasury bond rate. Net Cash In Flow – What the firm will get each year.
Net Cash Out Flow – What the firm needs to invest initially in the project.

Step 1 – Understand the nature of the project and calculate cash flow for each year.
Step 2 – Discount those cash flow based on the discount rate.
Step 3 – Add all the discounted cash flow.
Step 4 – Selection of the project

Why Organizational Development Managers need to know Financial Tools such as Net Present Value (NPV)?

In our daily workplace we often come across people and colleagues who are just focused on their core competency and targets they have to deliver. For example marketing managers at Design's Eu often design programs whose objective is to drive brand awareness and customer reach. But how that 30 point increase in brand awareness or 10 point increase in customer touch points will result into shareholders’ value is not specified.

To overcome such scenarios managers at Design's Eu needs to not only know the financial aspect of project management but also needs to have tools to integrate them into part of the project development and monitoring plan.

Calculating Net Present Value (NPV) at 15%

After working through various assumptions we reached a conclusion that risk is far higher than 6%. In a reasonably stable industry with weak competition - 15% discount rate can be a good benchmark.

Years	Cash Flow	Net Cash Flow	Cumulative     Cash Flow	Discount Rate @ 15 %	Discounted Cash Flows
Year 0	(10013153)	-10013153	-	-
Year 1	3450566	-6562587	3450566	0.8696	3000492
Year 2	3980573	-2582014	7431139	0.7561	3009885
Year 3	3939996	1357982	11371135	0.6575	2590611
Year 4	3249184	4607166	14620319	0.5718	1857731
TOTAL					10458720

The Net NPV after 4 years is 445567

(10458720 - 10013153 )

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Calculating Net Present Value (NPV) at 20%

If the risk component is high in the industry then we should go for a higher hurdle rate / discount rate of 20%.

Years	Cash Flow	Net Cash Flow	Cumulative     Cash Flow	Discount Rate @ 20 %	Discounted Cash Flows
Year 0	(10013153)	-10013153	-	-
Year 1	3450566	-6562587	3450566	0.8333	2875472
Year 2	3980573	-2582014	7431139	0.6944	2764287
Year 3	3939996	1357982	11371135	0.5787	2280090
Year 4	3249184	4607166	14620319	0.4823	1566929
TOTAL					9486778

The Net NPV after 4 years is -526375

At 20% discount rate the NPV is negative (9486778 - 10013153 ) so ideally we can't select the project if macro and micro factors don't allow financial managers of Design's Eu to discount cash flow at lower discount rates such as 15%.

Acceptance Criteria of a Project based on NPV

Simplest Approach – If the investment project of Design's Eu has a NPV value higher than Zero then finance managers at Design's Eu can ACCEPT the project, otherwise they can reject the project. This means that project will deliver higher returns over the period of time than any alternate investment strategy.

In theory if the required rate of return or discount rate is chosen correctly by finance managers at Design's Eu, then the stock price of the Design's Eu should change by same amount of the NPV. In real world we know that share price also reflects various other factors that can be related to both macro and micro environment.

In the same vein – accepting the project with zero NPV should result in stagnant share price. Finance managers use discount rates as a measure of risk components in the project execution process.

Sensitivity Analysis

Project selection is often a far more complex decision than just choosing it based on the NPV number. Finance managers at Design's Eu should conduct a sensitivity analysis to better understand not only the inherent risk of the projects but also how those risks can be either factored in or mitigated during the project execution. Sensitivity analysis helps in –

What are the key aspects of the projects that need to be monitored, refined, and retuned for continuous delivery of projected cash flows.

What are the uncertainties surrounding the project Initial Cash Outlay (ICO’s). ICO’s often have several different components such as land, machinery, building, and other equipment.

Understanding of risks involved in the project.

What will be a multi year spillover effect of various taxation regulations.

What can impact the cash flow of the project.

Some of the assumptions while using the Discounted Cash Flow Methods –

Projects are assumed to be Mutually Exclusive – This is seldom the came in modern day giant organizations where projects are often inter-related and rejecting a project solely based on NPV can result in sunk cost from a related project.

Independent projects have independent cash flows – As explained in the marketing project – though the project may look independent but in reality it is not as the brand awareness project can be closely associated with the spending on sales promotions and product specific advertising.

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Negotiation Strategy of EU Design's Rise in the Apparel and Fashion Industry: Formalizing Management and Incentive Systems

References & Further Readings

Neale O'Connor, Edo de Vries Robbe (2018), "EU Design's Rise in the Apparel and Fashion Industry: Formalizing Management and Incentive Systems Harvard Business Review Case Study. Published by HBR Publications.