Governance Failure at Satyam Net Present Value (NPV) / MBA Resources

Introduction to Net Present Value (NPV) - What is Net Present Value (NPV) ? How it impacts financial decisions regarding project management?

NPV solution for Governance Failure at Satyam case study

At Oak Spring University, we provide corporate level professional Net Present Value (NPV) case study solution. Governance Failure at Satyam case study is a Harvard Business School (HBR) case study written by Ajai Gaur, Nisha Kohli. The Governance Failure at Satyam (referred as “Satyam Governance” from here on) case study provides evaluation & decision scenario in field of Finance & Accounting. It also touches upon business topics such as - Value proposition, Boards.

The net present value (NPV) of an investment proposal is the present value of the proposal’s net cash flows less the proposal’s initial cash outflow. If a project’s NPV is greater than or equal to zero, the project should be accepted.

NPV = Present Value of Future Cash Flows LESS Project’s Initial Investment

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Case Description of Governance Failure at Satyam Case Study

An unrelated acquisition decision by Satyam Corporation created discontent among shareholders and lead to a series of investigations. The investigations revealed a fraud of about INR 50 billion. This led to resignations by several board members and the CEO. The entire episode became a mockery of corporate governance practices, raising questions about the efficacy of well accepted governance norms.This case covers the events that led to the failure of Satyam in detail. The roles of not only the promoter but also other parties, such as the managers, board of directors, auditors and bankers, are discussed in detail. The case draws attention to various corporate governance and ethical issues and also provides an opportunity to discuss the measures that should be taken by regulators, auditors and other bodies to prevent such frauds.This case can be used in an undergraduate, MBA and executive development program to highlight following issues: 1) Ethics and corporate governance: This case can be used to discuss the effectiveness of current corporate governance regulations and how can they be made more effective. 2) Organizational culture and values: Corporate governance mechanisms, such as ownership structure, board composition and stakeholder influence, determine the organizational culture and values. Smaller firms inherit the corporate values from their founders. In larger companies, managers and board members play a pivotal role in shaping the corporate values. This case can be used to discuss the factors affecting development of corporate values.

Case Authors : Ajai Gaur, Nisha Kohli

Topic : Finance & Accounting

Related Areas : Boards

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Calculating Net Present Value (NPV) at 6% for Governance Failure at Satyam Case Study

Years	Cash Flow	Net Cash Flow	Cumulative     Cash Flow	Discount Rate @ 6 %	Discounted Cash Flows
Year 0	(10027735)	-10027735	-	-
Year 1	3463082	-6564653	3463082	0.9434	3267058
Year 2	3979667	-2584986	7442749	0.89	3541889
Year 3	3949577	1364591	11392326	0.8396	3316141
Year 4	3224324	4588915	14616650	0.7921	2553967
TOTAL			14616650		12679056

The Net Present Value at 6% discount rate is 2651321

In isolation the NPV number doesn't mean much but put in right context then it is one of the best method to evaluate project returns. In this article we will cover -

Different methods of capital budgeting

What is NPV & Formula of NPV,
How it is calculated,
How to use NPV number for project evaluation, and
Scenario Planning given risks and management priorities.

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Capital Budgeting Approaches

Methods of Capital Budgeting

There are four types of capital budgeting techniques that are widely used in the corporate world –

1. Net Present Value
2. Payback Period
3. Internal Rate of Return
4. Profitability Index

Apart from the Payback period method which is an additive method, rest of the methods are based on Discounted Cash Flow technique. Even though cash flow can be calculated based on the nature of the project, for the simplicity of the article we are assuming that all the expected cash flows are realized at the end of the year.

Discounted Cash Flow approaches provide a more objective basis for evaluating and selecting investment projects. They take into consideration both –

1. Magnitude of both incoming and outgoing cash flows – Projects can be capital intensive, time intensive, or both. Satyam Governance shareholders have preference for diversified projects investment rather than prospective high income from a single capital intensive project.
2. Timing of the expected cash flows – stockholders of Satyam Governance have higher preference for cash returns over 4-5 years rather than 10-15 years given the nature of the volatility in the industry.

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Formula and Steps to Calculate Net Present Value (NPV) of Governance Failure at Satyam

NPV = Net Cash In Flowt1 / (1+r)t1 + Net Cash In Flowt2 / (1+r)t2 + … Net Cash In Flowtn / (1+r)tn
Less Net Cash Out Flowt0 / (1+r)t0

Where t = time period, in this case year 1, year 2 and so on.
r = discount rate or return that could be earned using other safe proposition such as fixed deposit or treasury bond rate. Net Cash In Flow – What the firm will get each year.
Net Cash Out Flow – What the firm needs to invest initially in the project.

Step 1 – Understand the nature of the project and calculate cash flow for each year.
Step 2 – Discount those cash flow based on the discount rate.
Step 3 – Add all the discounted cash flow.
Step 4 – Selection of the project

Why Finance & Accounting Managers need to know Financial Tools such as Net Present Value (NPV)?

In our daily workplace we often come across people and colleagues who are just focused on their core competency and targets they have to deliver. For example marketing managers at Satyam Governance often design programs whose objective is to drive brand awareness and customer reach. But how that 30 point increase in brand awareness or 10 point increase in customer touch points will result into shareholders’ value is not specified.

To overcome such scenarios managers at Satyam Governance needs to not only know the financial aspect of project management but also needs to have tools to integrate them into part of the project development and monitoring plan.

Calculating Net Present Value (NPV) at 15%

After working through various assumptions we reached a conclusion that risk is far higher than 6%. In a reasonably stable industry with weak competition - 15% discount rate can be a good benchmark.

Years	Cash Flow	Net Cash Flow	Cumulative     Cash Flow	Discount Rate @ 15 %	Discounted Cash Flows
Year 0	(10027735)	-10027735	-	-
Year 1	3463082	-6564653	3463082	0.8696	3011376
Year 2	3979667	-2584986	7442749	0.7561	3009200
Year 3	3949577	1364591	11392326	0.6575	2596911
Year 4	3224324	4588915	14616650	0.5718	1843518
TOTAL					10461004

The Net NPV after 4 years is 433269

(10461004 - 10027735 )

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Calculating Net Present Value (NPV) at 20%

If the risk component is high in the industry then we should go for a higher hurdle rate / discount rate of 20%.

Years	Cash Flow	Net Cash Flow	Cumulative     Cash Flow	Discount Rate @ 20 %	Discounted Cash Flows
Year 0	(10027735)	-10027735	-	-
Year 1	3463082	-6564653	3463082	0.8333	2885902
Year 2	3979667	-2584986	7442749	0.6944	2763658
Year 3	3949577	1364591	11392326	0.5787	2285635
Year 4	3224324	4588915	14616650	0.4823	1554940
TOTAL					9490134

The Net NPV after 4 years is -537601

At 20% discount rate the NPV is negative (9490134 - 10027735 ) so ideally we can't select the project if macro and micro factors don't allow financial managers of Satyam Governance to discount cash flow at lower discount rates such as 15%.

Acceptance Criteria of a Project based on NPV

Simplest Approach – If the investment project of Satyam Governance has a NPV value higher than Zero then finance managers at Satyam Governance can ACCEPT the project, otherwise they can reject the project. This means that project will deliver higher returns over the period of time than any alternate investment strategy.

In theory if the required rate of return or discount rate is chosen correctly by finance managers at Satyam Governance, then the stock price of the Satyam Governance should change by same amount of the NPV. In real world we know that share price also reflects various other factors that can be related to both macro and micro environment.

In the same vein – accepting the project with zero NPV should result in stagnant share price. Finance managers use discount rates as a measure of risk components in the project execution process.

Sensitivity Analysis

Project selection is often a far more complex decision than just choosing it based on the NPV number. Finance managers at Satyam Governance should conduct a sensitivity analysis to better understand not only the inherent risk of the projects but also how those risks can be either factored in or mitigated during the project execution. Sensitivity analysis helps in –

What will be a multi year spillover effect of various taxation regulations.

What are the key aspects of the projects that need to be monitored, refined, and retuned for continuous delivery of projected cash flows.

What are the uncertainties surrounding the project Initial Cash Outlay (ICO’s). ICO’s often have several different components such as land, machinery, building, and other equipment.

What can impact the cash flow of the project.

Understanding of risks involved in the project.

Some of the assumptions while using the Discounted Cash Flow Methods –

Projects are assumed to be Mutually Exclusive – This is seldom the came in modern day giant organizations where projects are often inter-related and rejecting a project solely based on NPV can result in sunk cost from a related project.

Independent projects have independent cash flows – As explained in the marketing project – though the project may look independent but in reality it is not as the brand awareness project can be closely associated with the spending on sales promotions and product specific advertising.

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Negotiation Strategy of Governance Failure at Satyam

References & Further Readings

Ajai Gaur, Nisha Kohli (2018), "Governance Failure at Satyam Harvard Business Review Case Study. Published by HBR Publications.