Note on Exploring the Value Chain of Branded Fashion Goods Net Present Value (NPV) / MBA Resources

Introduction to Net Present Value (NPV) - What is Net Present Value (NPV) ? How it impacts financial decisions regarding project management?

NPV solution for Note on Exploring the Value Chain of Branded Fashion Goods case study

At Oak Spring University, we provide corporate level professional Net Present Value (NPV) case study solution. Note on Exploring the Value Chain of Branded Fashion Goods case study is a Harvard Business School (HBR) case study written by Scott A. Moore. The Note on Exploring the Value Chain of Branded Fashion Goods (referred as “Chains Note” from here on) case study provides evaluation & decision scenario in field of Sales & Marketing. It also touches upon business topics such as - Value proposition, Pricing, Supply chain.

The net present value (NPV) of an investment proposal is the present value of the proposal’s net cash flows less the proposal’s initial cash outflow. If a project’s NPV is greater than or equal to zero, the project should be accepted.

NPV = Present Value of Future Cash Flows LESS Project’s Initial Investment

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Case Description of Note on Exploring the Value Chain of Branded Fashion Goods Case Study

This note profiles two companies--Gap Inc. and Deckers Outdoors Corp--with a focus on their value chains. It includes financial information and breaks down the parts of the two companies' value chains for students to analyze and compare. It is intended to be preceded by "Note on the Value Chain: A Framework for Analyzing Firm Activities." This case is included in Module 1 of the course Business Thought & Action.

Case Authors : Scott A. Moore

Topic : Sales & Marketing

Related Areas : Pricing, Supply chain

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Calculating Net Present Value (NPV) at 6% for Note on Exploring the Value Chain of Branded Fashion Goods Case Study

Years	Cash Flow	Net Cash Flow	Cumulative     Cash Flow	Discount Rate @ 6 %	Discounted Cash Flows
Year 0	(10003235)	-10003235	-	-
Year 1	3444148	-6559087	3444148	0.9434	3249196
Year 2	3971431	-2587656	7415579	0.89	3534559
Year 3	3972589	1384933	11388168	0.8396	3335462
Year 4	3250766	4635699	14638934	0.7921	2574911
TOTAL			14638934		12694129

The Net Present Value at 6% discount rate is 2690894

In isolation the NPV number doesn't mean much but put in right context then it is one of the best method to evaluate project returns. In this article we will cover -

Different methods of capital budgeting

What is NPV & Formula of NPV,
How it is calculated,
How to use NPV number for project evaluation, and
Scenario Planning given risks and management priorities.

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Capital Budgeting Approaches

Methods of Capital Budgeting

There are four types of capital budgeting techniques that are widely used in the corporate world –

1. Internal Rate of Return
2. Net Present Value
3. Profitability Index
4. Payback Period

Apart from the Payback period method which is an additive method, rest of the methods are based on Discounted Cash Flow technique. Even though cash flow can be calculated based on the nature of the project, for the simplicity of the article we are assuming that all the expected cash flows are realized at the end of the year.

Discounted Cash Flow approaches provide a more objective basis for evaluating and selecting investment projects. They take into consideration both –

1. Timing of the expected cash flows – stockholders of Chains Note have higher preference for cash returns over 4-5 years rather than 10-15 years given the nature of the volatility in the industry.
2. Magnitude of both incoming and outgoing cash flows – Projects can be capital intensive, time intensive, or both. Chains Note shareholders have preference for diversified projects investment rather than prospective high income from a single capital intensive project.

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Formula and Steps to Calculate Net Present Value (NPV) of Note on Exploring the Value Chain of Branded Fashion Goods

NPV = Net Cash In Flowt1 / (1+r)t1 + Net Cash In Flowt2 / (1+r)t2 + … Net Cash In Flowtn / (1+r)tn
Less Net Cash Out Flowt0 / (1+r)t0

Where t = time period, in this case year 1, year 2 and so on.
r = discount rate or return that could be earned using other safe proposition such as fixed deposit or treasury bond rate. Net Cash In Flow – What the firm will get each year.
Net Cash Out Flow – What the firm needs to invest initially in the project.

Step 1 – Understand the nature of the project and calculate cash flow for each year.
Step 2 – Discount those cash flow based on the discount rate.
Step 3 – Add all the discounted cash flow.
Step 4 – Selection of the project

Why Sales & Marketing Managers need to know Financial Tools such as Net Present Value (NPV)?

In our daily workplace we often come across people and colleagues who are just focused on their core competency and targets they have to deliver. For example marketing managers at Chains Note often design programs whose objective is to drive brand awareness and customer reach. But how that 30 point increase in brand awareness or 10 point increase in customer touch points will result into shareholders’ value is not specified.

To overcome such scenarios managers at Chains Note needs to not only know the financial aspect of project management but also needs to have tools to integrate them into part of the project development and monitoring plan.

Calculating Net Present Value (NPV) at 15%

After working through various assumptions we reached a conclusion that risk is far higher than 6%. In a reasonably stable industry with weak competition - 15% discount rate can be a good benchmark.

Years	Cash Flow	Net Cash Flow	Cumulative     Cash Flow	Discount Rate @ 15 %	Discounted Cash Flows
Year 0	(10003235)	-10003235	-	-
Year 1	3444148	-6559087	3444148	0.8696	2994911
Year 2	3971431	-2587656	7415579	0.7561	3002972
Year 3	3972589	1384933	11388168	0.6575	2612042
Year 4	3250766	4635699	14638934	0.5718	1858636
TOTAL					10468561

The Net NPV after 4 years is 465326

(10468561 - 10003235 )

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Calculating Net Present Value (NPV) at 20%

If the risk component is high in the industry then we should go for a higher hurdle rate / discount rate of 20%.

Years	Cash Flow	Net Cash Flow	Cumulative     Cash Flow	Discount Rate @ 20 %	Discounted Cash Flows
Year 0	(10003235)	-10003235	-	-
Year 1	3444148	-6559087	3444148	0.8333	2870123
Year 2	3971431	-2587656	7415579	0.6944	2757938
Year 3	3972589	1384933	11388168	0.5787	2298952
Year 4	3250766	4635699	14638934	0.4823	1567692
TOTAL					9494705

The Net NPV after 4 years is -508530

At 20% discount rate the NPV is negative (9494705 - 10003235 ) so ideally we can't select the project if macro and micro factors don't allow financial managers of Chains Note to discount cash flow at lower discount rates such as 15%.

Acceptance Criteria of a Project based on NPV

Simplest Approach – If the investment project of Chains Note has a NPV value higher than Zero then finance managers at Chains Note can ACCEPT the project, otherwise they can reject the project. This means that project will deliver higher returns over the period of time than any alternate investment strategy.

In theory if the required rate of return or discount rate is chosen correctly by finance managers at Chains Note, then the stock price of the Chains Note should change by same amount of the NPV. In real world we know that share price also reflects various other factors that can be related to both macro and micro environment.

In the same vein – accepting the project with zero NPV should result in stagnant share price. Finance managers use discount rates as a measure of risk components in the project execution process.

Sensitivity Analysis

Project selection is often a far more complex decision than just choosing it based on the NPV number. Finance managers at Chains Note should conduct a sensitivity analysis to better understand not only the inherent risk of the projects but also how those risks can be either factored in or mitigated during the project execution. Sensitivity analysis helps in –

Understanding of risks involved in the project.

What will be a multi year spillover effect of various taxation regulations.

What are the uncertainties surrounding the project Initial Cash Outlay (ICO’s). ICO’s often have several different components such as land, machinery, building, and other equipment.

What are the key aspects of the projects that need to be monitored, refined, and retuned for continuous delivery of projected cash flows.

What can impact the cash flow of the project.

Some of the assumptions while using the Discounted Cash Flow Methods –

Projects are assumed to be Mutually Exclusive – This is seldom the came in modern day giant organizations where projects are often inter-related and rejecting a project solely based on NPV can result in sunk cost from a related project.

Independent projects have independent cash flows – As explained in the marketing project – though the project may look independent but in reality it is not as the brand awareness project can be closely associated with the spending on sales promotions and product specific advertising.

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Negotiation Strategy of Note on Exploring the Value Chain of Branded Fashion Goods

References & Further Readings

Scott A. Moore (2018), "Note on Exploring the Value Chain of Branded Fashion Goods Harvard Business Review Case Study. Published by HBR Publications.