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The Hyderabad Metropolitan Water Supply and Sewerage Board Net Present Value (NPV) / MBA Resources

Introduction to Net Present Value (NPV) - What is Net Present Value (NPV) ? How it impacts financial decisions regarding project management?

NPV solution for The Hyderabad Metropolitan Water Supply and Sewerage Board case study


At Oak Spring University, we provide corporate level professional Net Present Value (NPV) case study solution. The Hyderabad Metropolitan Water Supply and Sewerage Board case study is a Harvard Business School (HBR) case study written by Jennifer Davis, Sunil Tankha. The The Hyderabad Metropolitan Water Supply and Sewerage Board (referred as “Water Hyderabad” from here on) case study provides evaluation & decision scenario in field of Strategy & Execution. It also touches upon business topics such as - Value proposition, International business, Joint ventures, Operations management, Strategic planning, Sustainability.

The net present value (NPV) of an investment proposal is the present value of the proposal’s net cash flows less the proposal’s initial cash outflow. If a project’s NPV is greater than or equal to zero, the project should be accepted.

NPV = Present Value of Future Cash Flows LESS Project’s Initial Investment






Case Description of The Hyderabad Metropolitan Water Supply and Sewerage Board Case Study


This case discusses the efforts by the state of Andhra Pradesh and the Hyderabad Metropolitan Water Supply and Sewerage Board to provide water services to its poorest inhabitants - approximately 1.7 million people. Undermining this challenge is the reality that Hyderabad is located in a comparatively dry region of India, and the Water Board is only able to provide water for an average of two hours per day. To attract investment, the government decides to privatize the Water Board, but the World Bank conditions its support for this privatization on Andhra Pradesh's ability to develop a program that will provide water to the city's slums. HKS Case Number 1828.0


Case Authors : Jennifer Davis, Sunil Tankha

Topic : Strategy & Execution

Related Areas : International business, Joint ventures, Operations management, Strategic planning, Sustainability




Calculating Net Present Value (NPV) at 6% for The Hyderabad Metropolitan Water Supply and Sewerage Board Case Study


Years              Cash Flow     Net Cash Flow     Cumulative    
Cash Flow
Discount Rate
@ 6 %
Discounted
Cash Flows
Year 0 (10000450) -10000450 - -
Year 1 3448791 -6551659 3448791 0.9434 3253576
Year 2 3954132 -2597527 7402923 0.89 3519163
Year 3 3974193 1376666 11377116 0.8396 3336809
Year 4 3234028 4610694 14611144 0.7921 2561653
TOTAL 14611144 12671202




The Net Present Value at 6% discount rate is 2670752

In isolation the NPV number doesn't mean much but put in right context then it is one of the best method to evaluate project returns. In this article we will cover -

Different methods of capital budgeting


What is NPV & Formula of NPV,
How it is calculated,
How to use NPV number for project evaluation, and
Scenario Planning given risks and management priorities.




Capital Budgeting Approaches

Methods of Capital Budgeting


There are four types of capital budgeting techniques that are widely used in the corporate world –

1. Payback Period
2. Profitability Index
3. Internal Rate of Return
4. Net Present Value

Apart from the Payback period method which is an additive method, rest of the methods are based on Discounted Cash Flow technique. Even though cash flow can be calculated based on the nature of the project, for the simplicity of the article we are assuming that all the expected cash flows are realized at the end of the year.

Discounted Cash Flow approaches provide a more objective basis for evaluating and selecting investment projects. They take into consideration both –

1. Timing of the expected cash flows – stockholders of Water Hyderabad have higher preference for cash returns over 4-5 years rather than 10-15 years given the nature of the volatility in the industry.
2. Magnitude of both incoming and outgoing cash flows – Projects can be capital intensive, time intensive, or both. Water Hyderabad shareholders have preference for diversified projects investment rather than prospective high income from a single capital intensive project.






Formula and Steps to Calculate Net Present Value (NPV) of The Hyderabad Metropolitan Water Supply and Sewerage Board

NPV = Net Cash In Flowt1 / (1+r)t1 + Net Cash In Flowt2 / (1+r)t2 + … Net Cash In Flowtn / (1+r)tn
Less Net Cash Out Flowt0 / (1+r)t0

Where t = time period, in this case year 1, year 2 and so on.
r = discount rate or return that could be earned using other safe proposition such as fixed deposit or treasury bond rate. Net Cash In Flow – What the firm will get each year.
Net Cash Out Flow – What the firm needs to invest initially in the project.

Step 1 – Understand the nature of the project and calculate cash flow for each year.
Step 2 – Discount those cash flow based on the discount rate.
Step 3 – Add all the discounted cash flow.
Step 4 – Selection of the project

Why Strategy & Execution Managers need to know Financial Tools such as Net Present Value (NPV)?

In our daily workplace we often come across people and colleagues who are just focused on their core competency and targets they have to deliver. For example marketing managers at Water Hyderabad often design programs whose objective is to drive brand awareness and customer reach. But how that 30 point increase in brand awareness or 10 point increase in customer touch points will result into shareholders’ value is not specified.

To overcome such scenarios managers at Water Hyderabad needs to not only know the financial aspect of project management but also needs to have tools to integrate them into part of the project development and monitoring plan.

Calculating Net Present Value (NPV) at 15%

After working through various assumptions we reached a conclusion that risk is far higher than 6%. In a reasonably stable industry with weak competition - 15% discount rate can be a good benchmark.



Years              Cash Flow     Net Cash Flow     Cumulative    
Cash Flow
Discount Rate
@ 15 %
Discounted
Cash Flows
Year 0 (10000450) -10000450 - -
Year 1 3448791 -6551659 3448791 0.8696 2998949
Year 2 3954132 -2597527 7402923 0.7561 2989892
Year 3 3974193 1376666 11377116 0.6575 2613096
Year 4 3234028 4610694 14611144 0.5718 1849066
TOTAL 10451003


The Net NPV after 4 years is 450553

(10451003 - 10000450 )








Calculating Net Present Value (NPV) at 20%


If the risk component is high in the industry then we should go for a higher hurdle rate / discount rate of 20%.

Years              Cash Flow     Net Cash Flow     Cumulative    
Cash Flow
Discount Rate
@ 20 %
Discounted
Cash Flows
Year 0 (10000450) -10000450 - -
Year 1 3448791 -6551659 3448791 0.8333 2873993
Year 2 3954132 -2597527 7402923 0.6944 2745925
Year 3 3974193 1376666 11377116 0.5787 2299880
Year 4 3234028 4610694 14611144 0.4823 1559620
TOTAL 9479418


The Net NPV after 4 years is -521032

At 20% discount rate the NPV is negative (9479418 - 10000450 ) so ideally we can't select the project if macro and micro factors don't allow financial managers of Water Hyderabad to discount cash flow at lower discount rates such as 15%.





Acceptance Criteria of a Project based on NPV

Simplest Approach – If the investment project of Water Hyderabad has a NPV value higher than Zero then finance managers at Water Hyderabad can ACCEPT the project, otherwise they can reject the project. This means that project will deliver higher returns over the period of time than any alternate investment strategy.

In theory if the required rate of return or discount rate is chosen correctly by finance managers at Water Hyderabad, then the stock price of the Water Hyderabad should change by same amount of the NPV. In real world we know that share price also reflects various other factors that can be related to both macro and micro environment.

In the same vein – accepting the project with zero NPV should result in stagnant share price. Finance managers use discount rates as a measure of risk components in the project execution process.

Sensitivity Analysis

Project selection is often a far more complex decision than just choosing it based on the NPV number. Finance managers at Water Hyderabad should conduct a sensitivity analysis to better understand not only the inherent risk of the projects but also how those risks can be either factored in or mitigated during the project execution. Sensitivity analysis helps in –

What can impact the cash flow of the project.

Understanding of risks involved in the project.

What will be a multi year spillover effect of various taxation regulations.

What are the uncertainties surrounding the project Initial Cash Outlay (ICO’s). ICO’s often have several different components such as land, machinery, building, and other equipment.

What are the key aspects of the projects that need to be monitored, refined, and retuned for continuous delivery of projected cash flows.

Some of the assumptions while using the Discounted Cash Flow Methods –

Projects are assumed to be Mutually Exclusive – This is seldom the came in modern day giant organizations where projects are often inter-related and rejecting a project solely based on NPV can result in sunk cost from a related project.

Independent projects have independent cash flows – As explained in the marketing project – though the project may look independent but in reality it is not as the brand awareness project can be closely associated with the spending on sales promotions and product specific advertising.






Negotiation Strategy of The Hyderabad Metropolitan Water Supply and Sewerage Board

References & Further Readings

Jennifer Davis, Sunil Tankha (2018), "The Hyderabad Metropolitan Water Supply and Sewerage Board Harvard Business Review Case Study. Published by HBR Publications.


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