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Intraoperative Radiotherapy for Breast Cancer (A) Net Present Value (NPV) / MBA Resources

Introduction to Net Present Value (NPV) - What is Net Present Value (NPV) ? How it impacts financial decisions regarding project management?

NPV solution for Intraoperative Radiotherapy for Breast Cancer (A) case study


At Oak Spring University, we provide corporate level professional Net Present Value (NPV) case study solution. Intraoperative Radiotherapy for Breast Cancer (A) case study is a Harvard Business School (HBR) case study written by Willy Shih. The Intraoperative Radiotherapy for Breast Cancer (A) (referred as “Intraoperative Radiotherapy” from here on) case study provides evaluation & decision scenario in field of Strategy & Execution. It also touches upon business topics such as - Value proposition, Change management, Disruptive innovation, Emerging markets, Entrepreneurial management, IT, Personnel policies, Research & development.

The net present value (NPV) of an investment proposal is the present value of the proposal’s net cash flows less the proposal’s initial cash outflow. If a project’s NPV is greater than or equal to zero, the project should be accepted.

NPV = Present Value of Future Cash Flows LESS Project’s Initial Investment






Case Description of Intraoperative Radiotherapy for Breast Cancer (A) Case Study


To maximize their effectiveness, color cases should be printed in color."This trial is going to take longer." Those were words that Michael Kaschke, CEO of Carl Zeiss AG, was not surprised to hear as he nurtured the intraoperative radiotherapy business inside his company's microsurgery unit. But he also didn't expect it to take 13 years to get to the end of an all-important clinical trial that was a critical enabler to the granting of reimbursement codes. The technology was clearly disruptive to him, but as the business confronted the challenges of improving the standard of care for women with breast cancer, he couldn't help but wonder if the greater opportunity was in vastly underserved emerging markets. But for 13 years he had been telling the team the importance of focus, and as the advanced markets of Germany, the UK, and the US started to hit high growth rates, was he now telling them something different? Was this a focus question or a strategic sequencing question?


Case Authors : Willy Shih

Topic : Strategy & Execution

Related Areas : Change management, Disruptive innovation, Emerging markets, Entrepreneurial management, IT, Personnel policies, Research & development




Calculating Net Present Value (NPV) at 6% for Intraoperative Radiotherapy for Breast Cancer (A) Case Study


Years              Cash Flow     Net Cash Flow     Cumulative    
Cash Flow
Discount Rate
@ 6 %
Discounted
Cash Flows
Year 0 (10004117) -10004117 - -
Year 1 3466320 -6537797 3466320 0.9434 3270113
Year 2 3973837 -2563960 7440157 0.89 3536701
Year 3 3960085 1396125 11400242 0.8396 3324964
Year 4 3246714 4642839 14646956 0.7921 2571702
TOTAL 14646956 12703479




The Net Present Value at 6% discount rate is 2699362

In isolation the NPV number doesn't mean much but put in right context then it is one of the best method to evaluate project returns. In this article we will cover -

Different methods of capital budgeting


What is NPV & Formula of NPV,
How it is calculated,
How to use NPV number for project evaluation, and
Scenario Planning given risks and management priorities.




Capital Budgeting Approaches

Methods of Capital Budgeting


There are four types of capital budgeting techniques that are widely used in the corporate world –

1. Payback Period
2. Internal Rate of Return
3. Net Present Value
4. Profitability Index

Apart from the Payback period method which is an additive method, rest of the methods are based on Discounted Cash Flow technique. Even though cash flow can be calculated based on the nature of the project, for the simplicity of the article we are assuming that all the expected cash flows are realized at the end of the year.

Discounted Cash Flow approaches provide a more objective basis for evaluating and selecting investment projects. They take into consideration both –

1. Magnitude of both incoming and outgoing cash flows – Projects can be capital intensive, time intensive, or both. Intraoperative Radiotherapy shareholders have preference for diversified projects investment rather than prospective high income from a single capital intensive project.
2. Timing of the expected cash flows – stockholders of Intraoperative Radiotherapy have higher preference for cash returns over 4-5 years rather than 10-15 years given the nature of the volatility in the industry.






Formula and Steps to Calculate Net Present Value (NPV) of Intraoperative Radiotherapy for Breast Cancer (A)

NPV = Net Cash In Flowt1 / (1+r)t1 + Net Cash In Flowt2 / (1+r)t2 + … Net Cash In Flowtn / (1+r)tn
Less Net Cash Out Flowt0 / (1+r)t0

Where t = time period, in this case year 1, year 2 and so on.
r = discount rate or return that could be earned using other safe proposition such as fixed deposit or treasury bond rate. Net Cash In Flow – What the firm will get each year.
Net Cash Out Flow – What the firm needs to invest initially in the project.

Step 1 – Understand the nature of the project and calculate cash flow for each year.
Step 2 – Discount those cash flow based on the discount rate.
Step 3 – Add all the discounted cash flow.
Step 4 – Selection of the project

Why Strategy & Execution Managers need to know Financial Tools such as Net Present Value (NPV)?

In our daily workplace we often come across people and colleagues who are just focused on their core competency and targets they have to deliver. For example marketing managers at Intraoperative Radiotherapy often design programs whose objective is to drive brand awareness and customer reach. But how that 30 point increase in brand awareness or 10 point increase in customer touch points will result into shareholders’ value is not specified.

To overcome such scenarios managers at Intraoperative Radiotherapy needs to not only know the financial aspect of project management but also needs to have tools to integrate them into part of the project development and monitoring plan.

Calculating Net Present Value (NPV) at 15%

After working through various assumptions we reached a conclusion that risk is far higher than 6%. In a reasonably stable industry with weak competition - 15% discount rate can be a good benchmark.



Years              Cash Flow     Net Cash Flow     Cumulative    
Cash Flow
Discount Rate
@ 15 %
Discounted
Cash Flows
Year 0 (10004117) -10004117 - -
Year 1 3466320 -6537797 3466320 0.8696 3014191
Year 2 3973837 -2563960 7440157 0.7561 3004792
Year 3 3960085 1396125 11400242 0.6575 2603820
Year 4 3246714 4642839 14646956 0.5718 1856319
TOTAL 10479122


The Net NPV after 4 years is 475005

(10479122 - 10004117 )








Calculating Net Present Value (NPV) at 20%


If the risk component is high in the industry then we should go for a higher hurdle rate / discount rate of 20%.

Years              Cash Flow     Net Cash Flow     Cumulative    
Cash Flow
Discount Rate
@ 20 %
Discounted
Cash Flows
Year 0 (10004117) -10004117 - -
Year 1 3466320 -6537797 3466320 0.8333 2888600
Year 2 3973837 -2563960 7440157 0.6944 2759609
Year 3 3960085 1396125 11400242 0.5787 2291716
Year 4 3246714 4642839 14646956 0.4823 1565738
TOTAL 9505663


The Net NPV after 4 years is -498454

At 20% discount rate the NPV is negative (9505663 - 10004117 ) so ideally we can't select the project if macro and micro factors don't allow financial managers of Intraoperative Radiotherapy to discount cash flow at lower discount rates such as 15%.





Acceptance Criteria of a Project based on NPV

Simplest Approach – If the investment project of Intraoperative Radiotherapy has a NPV value higher than Zero then finance managers at Intraoperative Radiotherapy can ACCEPT the project, otherwise they can reject the project. This means that project will deliver higher returns over the period of time than any alternate investment strategy.

In theory if the required rate of return or discount rate is chosen correctly by finance managers at Intraoperative Radiotherapy, then the stock price of the Intraoperative Radiotherapy should change by same amount of the NPV. In real world we know that share price also reflects various other factors that can be related to both macro and micro environment.

In the same vein – accepting the project with zero NPV should result in stagnant share price. Finance managers use discount rates as a measure of risk components in the project execution process.

Sensitivity Analysis

Project selection is often a far more complex decision than just choosing it based on the NPV number. Finance managers at Intraoperative Radiotherapy should conduct a sensitivity analysis to better understand not only the inherent risk of the projects but also how those risks can be either factored in or mitigated during the project execution. Sensitivity analysis helps in –

Understanding of risks involved in the project.

What are the key aspects of the projects that need to be monitored, refined, and retuned for continuous delivery of projected cash flows.

What will be a multi year spillover effect of various taxation regulations.

What can impact the cash flow of the project.

What are the uncertainties surrounding the project Initial Cash Outlay (ICO’s). ICO’s often have several different components such as land, machinery, building, and other equipment.

Some of the assumptions while using the Discounted Cash Flow Methods –

Projects are assumed to be Mutually Exclusive – This is seldom the came in modern day giant organizations where projects are often inter-related and rejecting a project solely based on NPV can result in sunk cost from a related project.

Independent projects have independent cash flows – As explained in the marketing project – though the project may look independent but in reality it is not as the brand awareness project can be closely associated with the spending on sales promotions and product specific advertising.






Negotiation Strategy of Intraoperative Radiotherapy for Breast Cancer (A)

References & Further Readings

Willy Shih (2018), "Intraoperative Radiotherapy for Breast Cancer (A) Harvard Business Review Case Study. Published by HBR Publications.


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