Tata Communications' Acquisition of Tyco Global Network (A) Net Present Value (NPV) / MBA Resources

Introduction to Net Present Value (NPV) - What is Net Present Value (NPV) ? How it impacts financial decisions regarding project management?

NPV solution for Tata Communications' Acquisition of Tyco Global Network (A) case study

At Oak Spring University, we provide corporate level professional Net Present Value (NPV) case study solution. Tata Communications' Acquisition of Tyco Global Network (A) case study is a Harvard Business School (HBR) case study written by Andrew Karl Delios, Srinivasa Addepalli. The Tata Communications' Acquisition of Tyco Global Network (A) (referred as “Tcl Tgn” from here on) case study provides evaluation & decision scenario in field of Strategy & Execution. It also touches upon business topics such as - Value proposition, Strategy execution.

The net present value (NPV) of an investment proposal is the present value of the proposal’s net cash flows less the proposal’s initial cash outflow. If a project’s NPV is greater than or equal to zero, the project should be accepted.

NPV = Present Value of Future Cash Flows LESS Project’s Initial Investment

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Case Description of Tata Communications' Acquisition of Tyco Global Network (A) Case Study

In 2004, Tata Communications (TCL) was trying to act on its strategic intent to become a globally connected network provider. It had two alternatives: build or buy. The build option would provide TCL with a chance to develop its own network under its own terms. The possible acquisition of the Tyco Global Network (TGN), however, provided a unique opportunity for TCL to establish this global position quickly. As one of the largest global networks at the time of the case, the TGN was a limited asset. The acquisition of the TGN would catapult TCL into being a top player in global Internet connectivity. Even though the acquisition price was low, the associated liabilities and risks could make this a substantially expensive acquisition for TCL. Should TCL negotiate with Tyco? If yes, what would be an acceptable position to proceed with the deal? How should TCL plan for the mitigation of risks and uncertainties? If not, what would be the consequences of losing the TGN opportunity, particularly if a competitor acquired it? Andrew Karl Delios is affiliated with National University of Singapore. Srinivasa Addepalli is affiliated with Indian Institute of Management, Ahmedabad.

Case Authors : Andrew Karl Delios, Srinivasa Addepalli

Topic : Strategy & Execution

Related Areas : Strategy execution

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Calculating Net Present Value (NPV) at 6% for Tata Communications' Acquisition of Tyco Global Network (A) Case Study

Years	Cash Flow	Net Cash Flow	Cumulative     Cash Flow	Discount Rate @ 6 %	Discounted Cash Flows
Year 0	(10010286)	-10010286	-	-
Year 1	3445636	-6564650	3445636	0.9434	3250600
Year 2	3961175	-2603475	7406811	0.89	3525432
Year 3	3936464	1332989	11343275	0.8396	3305131
Year 4	3247299	4580288	14590574	0.7921	2572165
TOTAL			14590574		12653328

The Net Present Value at 6% discount rate is 2643042

In isolation the NPV number doesn't mean much but put in right context then it is one of the best method to evaluate project returns. In this article we will cover -

Different methods of capital budgeting

What is NPV & Formula of NPV,
How it is calculated,
How to use NPV number for project evaluation, and
Scenario Planning given risks and management priorities.

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Capital Budgeting Approaches

Methods of Capital Budgeting

There are four types of capital budgeting techniques that are widely used in the corporate world –

1. Internal Rate of Return
2. Profitability Index
3. Net Present Value
4. Payback Period

Apart from the Payback period method which is an additive method, rest of the methods are based on Discounted Cash Flow technique. Even though cash flow can be calculated based on the nature of the project, for the simplicity of the article we are assuming that all the expected cash flows are realized at the end of the year.

Discounted Cash Flow approaches provide a more objective basis for evaluating and selecting investment projects. They take into consideration both –

1. Timing of the expected cash flows – stockholders of Tcl Tgn have higher preference for cash returns over 4-5 years rather than 10-15 years given the nature of the volatility in the industry.
2. Magnitude of both incoming and outgoing cash flows – Projects can be capital intensive, time intensive, or both. Tcl Tgn shareholders have preference for diversified projects investment rather than prospective high income from a single capital intensive project.

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Formula and Steps to Calculate Net Present Value (NPV) of Tata Communications' Acquisition of Tyco Global Network (A)

NPV = Net Cash In Flowt1 / (1+r)t1 + Net Cash In Flowt2 / (1+r)t2 + … Net Cash In Flowtn / (1+r)tn
Less Net Cash Out Flowt0 / (1+r)t0

Where t = time period, in this case year 1, year 2 and so on.
r = discount rate or return that could be earned using other safe proposition such as fixed deposit or treasury bond rate. Net Cash In Flow – What the firm will get each year.
Net Cash Out Flow – What the firm needs to invest initially in the project.

Step 1 – Understand the nature of the project and calculate cash flow for each year.
Step 2 – Discount those cash flow based on the discount rate.
Step 3 – Add all the discounted cash flow.
Step 4 – Selection of the project

Why Strategy & Execution Managers need to know Financial Tools such as Net Present Value (NPV)?

In our daily workplace we often come across people and colleagues who are just focused on their core competency and targets they have to deliver. For example marketing managers at Tcl Tgn often design programs whose objective is to drive brand awareness and customer reach. But how that 30 point increase in brand awareness or 10 point increase in customer touch points will result into shareholders’ value is not specified.

To overcome such scenarios managers at Tcl Tgn needs to not only know the financial aspect of project management but also needs to have tools to integrate them into part of the project development and monitoring plan.

Calculating Net Present Value (NPV) at 15%

After working through various assumptions we reached a conclusion that risk is far higher than 6%. In a reasonably stable industry with weak competition - 15% discount rate can be a good benchmark.

Years	Cash Flow	Net Cash Flow	Cumulative     Cash Flow	Discount Rate @ 15 %	Discounted Cash Flows
Year 0	(10010286)	-10010286	-	-
Year 1	3445636	-6564650	3445636	0.8696	2996205
Year 2	3961175	-2603475	7406811	0.7561	2995217
Year 3	3936464	1332989	11343275	0.6575	2588289
Year 4	3247299	4580288	14590574	0.5718	1856654
TOTAL					10436365

The Net NPV after 4 years is 426079

(10436365 - 10010286 )

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Calculating Net Present Value (NPV) at 20%

If the risk component is high in the industry then we should go for a higher hurdle rate / discount rate of 20%.

Years	Cash Flow	Net Cash Flow	Cumulative     Cash Flow	Discount Rate @ 20 %	Discounted Cash Flows
Year 0	(10010286)	-10010286	-	-
Year 1	3445636	-6564650	3445636	0.8333	2871363
Year 2	3961175	-2603475	7406811	0.6944	2750816
Year 3	3936464	1332989	11343275	0.5787	2278046
Year 4	3247299	4580288	14590574	0.4823	1566020
TOTAL					9466246

The Net NPV after 4 years is -544040

At 20% discount rate the NPV is negative (9466246 - 10010286 ) so ideally we can't select the project if macro and micro factors don't allow financial managers of Tcl Tgn to discount cash flow at lower discount rates such as 15%.

Acceptance Criteria of a Project based on NPV

Simplest Approach – If the investment project of Tcl Tgn has a NPV value higher than Zero then finance managers at Tcl Tgn can ACCEPT the project, otherwise they can reject the project. This means that project will deliver higher returns over the period of time than any alternate investment strategy.

In theory if the required rate of return or discount rate is chosen correctly by finance managers at Tcl Tgn, then the stock price of the Tcl Tgn should change by same amount of the NPV. In real world we know that share price also reflects various other factors that can be related to both macro and micro environment.

In the same vein – accepting the project with zero NPV should result in stagnant share price. Finance managers use discount rates as a measure of risk components in the project execution process.

Sensitivity Analysis

Project selection is often a far more complex decision than just choosing it based on the NPV number. Finance managers at Tcl Tgn should conduct a sensitivity analysis to better understand not only the inherent risk of the projects but also how those risks can be either factored in or mitigated during the project execution. Sensitivity analysis helps in –

What are the key aspects of the projects that need to be monitored, refined, and retuned for continuous delivery of projected cash flows.

What are the uncertainties surrounding the project Initial Cash Outlay (ICO’s). ICO’s often have several different components such as land, machinery, building, and other equipment.

What can impact the cash flow of the project.

What will be a multi year spillover effect of various taxation regulations.

Understanding of risks involved in the project.

Some of the assumptions while using the Discounted Cash Flow Methods –

Projects are assumed to be Mutually Exclusive – This is seldom the came in modern day giant organizations where projects are often inter-related and rejecting a project solely based on NPV can result in sunk cost from a related project.

Independent projects have independent cash flows – As explained in the marketing project – though the project may look independent but in reality it is not as the brand awareness project can be closely associated with the spending on sales promotions and product specific advertising.

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Negotiation Strategy of Tata Communications' Acquisition of Tyco Global Network (A)

References & Further Readings

Andrew Karl Delios, Srinivasa Addepalli (2018), "Tata Communications' Acquisition of Tyco Global Network (A) Harvard Business Review Case Study. Published by HBR Publications.