Hilmann Reinier: Coke's Coffee Challenge in China Net Present Value (NPV) / MBA Resources

Introduction to Net Present Value (NPV) - What is Net Present Value (NPV) ? How it impacts financial decisions regarding project management?

NPV solution for Hilmann Reinier: Coke's Coffee Challenge in China case study

At Oak Spring University, we provide corporate level professional Net Present Value (NPV) case study solution. Hilmann Reinier: Coke's Coffee Challenge in China case study is a Harvard Business School (HBR) case study written by Mary Han, Helena Hu. The Hilmann Reinier: Coke's Coffee Challenge in China (referred as “Hong Kong” from here on) case study provides evaluation & decision scenario in field of Strategy & Execution. It also touches upon business topics such as - Value proposition, Entrepreneurship, Strategy.

The net present value (NPV) of an investment proposal is the present value of the proposal’s net cash flows less the proposal’s initial cash outflow. If a project’s NPV is greater than or equal to zero, the project should be accepted.

NPV = Present Value of Future Cash Flows LESS Project’s Initial Investment

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Case Description of Hilmann Reinier: Coke's Coffee Challenge in China Case Study

Jim Coke had been a jack of all trades since his student days. A big dreamer, Coke knew that he was on the cusp of something big. A Hong Kong resident since 2010, he wanted to dominate the coffee distribution market in Hong Kong and mainland China. After only one year, he had managed to secure the unthinkable: a coffee distribution deal with Hong Kong's leading supermarket chain, ParknShop. More importantly, he was now Jamaica Blue Mountain A? coffee's official licensee in 67 countries, including China and Hong Kong. Should he continue to obtain exclusive or non-exclusive Hong Kong distribution rights for specialty food commodities or was it time to take on China, with its population of 1.35 billion people?

Case Authors : Mary Han, Helena Hu

Topic : Strategy & Execution

Related Areas : Entrepreneurship, Strategy

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Calculating Net Present Value (NPV) at 6% for Hilmann Reinier: Coke's Coffee Challenge in China Case Study

Years	Cash Flow	Net Cash Flow	Cumulative     Cash Flow	Discount Rate @ 6 %	Discounted Cash Flows
Year 0	(10008023)	-10008023	-	-
Year 1	3464730	-6543293	3464730	0.9434	3268613
Year 2	3962582	-2580711	7427312	0.89	3526684
Year 3	3955240	1374529	11382552	0.8396	3320896
Year 4	3235201	4609730	14617753	0.7921	2562582
TOTAL			14617753		12678775

The Net Present Value at 6% discount rate is 2670752

In isolation the NPV number doesn't mean much but put in right context then it is one of the best method to evaluate project returns. In this article we will cover -

Different methods of capital budgeting

What is NPV & Formula of NPV,
How it is calculated,
How to use NPV number for project evaluation, and
Scenario Planning given risks and management priorities.

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Capital Budgeting Approaches

Methods of Capital Budgeting

There are four types of capital budgeting techniques that are widely used in the corporate world –

1. Profitability Index
2. Internal Rate of Return
3. Payback Period
4. Net Present Value

Apart from the Payback period method which is an additive method, rest of the methods are based on Discounted Cash Flow technique. Even though cash flow can be calculated based on the nature of the project, for the simplicity of the article we are assuming that all the expected cash flows are realized at the end of the year.

Discounted Cash Flow approaches provide a more objective basis for evaluating and selecting investment projects. They take into consideration both –

1. Timing of the expected cash flows – stockholders of Hong Kong have higher preference for cash returns over 4-5 years rather than 10-15 years given the nature of the volatility in the industry.
2. Magnitude of both incoming and outgoing cash flows – Projects can be capital intensive, time intensive, or both. Hong Kong shareholders have preference for diversified projects investment rather than prospective high income from a single capital intensive project.

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Formula and Steps to Calculate Net Present Value (NPV) of Hilmann Reinier: Coke's Coffee Challenge in China

NPV = Net Cash In Flowt1 / (1+r)t1 + Net Cash In Flowt2 / (1+r)t2 + … Net Cash In Flowtn / (1+r)tn
Less Net Cash Out Flowt0 / (1+r)t0

Where t = time period, in this case year 1, year 2 and so on.
r = discount rate or return that could be earned using other safe proposition such as fixed deposit or treasury bond rate. Net Cash In Flow – What the firm will get each year.
Net Cash Out Flow – What the firm needs to invest initially in the project.

Step 1 – Understand the nature of the project and calculate cash flow for each year.
Step 2 – Discount those cash flow based on the discount rate.
Step 3 – Add all the discounted cash flow.
Step 4 – Selection of the project

Why Strategy & Execution Managers need to know Financial Tools such as Net Present Value (NPV)?

In our daily workplace we often come across people and colleagues who are just focused on their core competency and targets they have to deliver. For example marketing managers at Hong Kong often design programs whose objective is to drive brand awareness and customer reach. But how that 30 point increase in brand awareness or 10 point increase in customer touch points will result into shareholders’ value is not specified.

To overcome such scenarios managers at Hong Kong needs to not only know the financial aspect of project management but also needs to have tools to integrate them into part of the project development and monitoring plan.

Calculating Net Present Value (NPV) at 15%

After working through various assumptions we reached a conclusion that risk is far higher than 6%. In a reasonably stable industry with weak competition - 15% discount rate can be a good benchmark.

Years	Cash Flow	Net Cash Flow	Cumulative     Cash Flow	Discount Rate @ 15 %	Discounted Cash Flows
Year 0	(10008023)	-10008023	-	-
Year 1	3464730	-6543293	3464730	0.8696	3012809
Year 2	3962582	-2580711	7427312	0.7561	2996281
Year 3	3955240	1374529	11382552	0.6575	2600635
Year 4	3235201	4609730	14617753	0.5718	1849737
TOTAL					10459461

The Net NPV after 4 years is 451438

(10459461 - 10008023 )

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Calculating Net Present Value (NPV) at 20%

If the risk component is high in the industry then we should go for a higher hurdle rate / discount rate of 20%.

Years	Cash Flow	Net Cash Flow	Cumulative     Cash Flow	Discount Rate @ 20 %	Discounted Cash Flows
Year 0	(10008023)	-10008023	-	-
Year 1	3464730	-6543293	3464730	0.8333	2887275
Year 2	3962582	-2580711	7427312	0.6944	2751793
Year 3	3955240	1374529	11382552	0.5787	2288912
Year 4	3235201	4609730	14617753	0.4823	1560186
TOTAL					9488166

The Net NPV after 4 years is -519857

At 20% discount rate the NPV is negative (9488166 - 10008023 ) so ideally we can't select the project if macro and micro factors don't allow financial managers of Hong Kong to discount cash flow at lower discount rates such as 15%.

Acceptance Criteria of a Project based on NPV

Simplest Approach – If the investment project of Hong Kong has a NPV value higher than Zero then finance managers at Hong Kong can ACCEPT the project, otherwise they can reject the project. This means that project will deliver higher returns over the period of time than any alternate investment strategy.

In theory if the required rate of return or discount rate is chosen correctly by finance managers at Hong Kong, then the stock price of the Hong Kong should change by same amount of the NPV. In real world we know that share price also reflects various other factors that can be related to both macro and micro environment.

In the same vein – accepting the project with zero NPV should result in stagnant share price. Finance managers use discount rates as a measure of risk components in the project execution process.

Sensitivity Analysis

Project selection is often a far more complex decision than just choosing it based on the NPV number. Finance managers at Hong Kong should conduct a sensitivity analysis to better understand not only the inherent risk of the projects but also how those risks can be either factored in or mitigated during the project execution. Sensitivity analysis helps in –

Understanding of risks involved in the project.

What can impact the cash flow of the project.

What are the uncertainties surrounding the project Initial Cash Outlay (ICO’s). ICO’s often have several different components such as land, machinery, building, and other equipment.

What will be a multi year spillover effect of various taxation regulations.

What are the key aspects of the projects that need to be monitored, refined, and retuned for continuous delivery of projected cash flows.

Some of the assumptions while using the Discounted Cash Flow Methods –

Projects are assumed to be Mutually Exclusive – This is seldom the came in modern day giant organizations where projects are often inter-related and rejecting a project solely based on NPV can result in sunk cost from a related project.

Independent projects have independent cash flows – As explained in the marketing project – though the project may look independent but in reality it is not as the brand awareness project can be closely associated with the spending on sales promotions and product specific advertising.

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Negotiation Strategy of Hilmann Reinier: Coke's Coffee Challenge in China

References & Further Readings

Mary Han, Helena Hu (2018), "Hilmann Reinier: Coke's Coffee Challenge in China Harvard Business Review Case Study. Published by HBR Publications.