AyurVAID: Grandma's Remedies or Blue Ocean Strategy Net Present Value (NPV) / MBA Resources

Introduction to Net Present Value (NPV) - What is Net Present Value (NPV) ? How it impacts financial decisions regarding project management?

NPV solution for AyurVAID: Grandma's Remedies or Blue Ocean Strategy case study

At Oak Spring University, we provide corporate level professional Net Present Value (NPV) case study solution. AyurVAID: Grandma's Remedies or Blue Ocean Strategy case study is a Harvard Business School (HBR) case study written by Samta Jain, Sunanda Easwaran, Murray J. Bryant. The AyurVAID: Grandma's Remedies or Blue Ocean Strategy (referred as “Ayurvaid Ayurveda” from here on) case study provides evaluation & decision scenario in field of Strategy & Execution. It also touches upon business topics such as - Value proposition, International business, Strategy.

The net present value (NPV) of an investment proposal is the present value of the proposal’s net cash flows less the proposal’s initial cash outflow. If a project’s NPV is greater than or equal to zero, the project should be accepted.

NPV = Present Value of Future Cash Flows LESS Project’s Initial Investment

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Case Description of AyurVAID: Grandma's Remedies or Blue Ocean Strategy Case Study

AyurVAID is a chain of Ayurveda (traditional Hindu medicine) hospitals founded by Rajiv Vasudevan, who moved to entrepreneurship after 16 years in the corporate sector and identified Ayurveda's potential for root-cause diagnosis. AyurVAID provides Ayurveda-based healthcare to treat non-communicable diseases and chronic diseases, which together comprise two-thirds of the Indian healthcare market. Ayurveda's system of root-cause diagnosis and subsequent disease management results in no side effects, but most Ayurveda companies are content to operate in the wellness sector and to provide Ayurvedic formulations in the over-the-counter consumer market. AyurVAID hospitals are positioned differently, catering to people with lifestyle diseases and offering long-term solutions to many chronic diseases. Over a period of 10 years, AyurvVAID's approach has led to rapid growth for the hospitals; however, the founder and chief executive officer wants to identify the most appropriate strategy for AyurVAID. Should it focus on strengthening its position as a multi-specialty hospital, or should it explore specializing in India's large and growing market for the treatment of diabetes?

Case Authors : Samta Jain, Sunanda Easwaran, Murray J. Bryant

Topic : Strategy & Execution

Related Areas : International business, Strategy

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Calculating Net Present Value (NPV) at 6% for AyurVAID: Grandma's Remedies or Blue Ocean Strategy Case Study

Years	Cash Flow	Net Cash Flow	Cumulative     Cash Flow	Discount Rate @ 6 %	Discounted Cash Flows
Year 0	(10027906)	-10027906	-	-
Year 1	3443392	-6584514	3443392	0.9434	3248483
Year 2	3982226	-2602288	7425618	0.89	3544167
Year 3	3973720	1371432	11399338	0.8396	3336412
Year 4	3225843	4597275	14625181	0.7921	2555170
TOTAL			14625181		12684232

The Net Present Value at 6% discount rate is 2656326

In isolation the NPV number doesn't mean much but put in right context then it is one of the best method to evaluate project returns. In this article we will cover -

Different methods of capital budgeting

What is NPV & Formula of NPV,
How it is calculated,
How to use NPV number for project evaluation, and
Scenario Planning given risks and management priorities.

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Capital Budgeting Approaches

Methods of Capital Budgeting

There are four types of capital budgeting techniques that are widely used in the corporate world –

1. Payback Period
2. Net Present Value
3. Internal Rate of Return
4. Profitability Index

Apart from the Payback period method which is an additive method, rest of the methods are based on Discounted Cash Flow technique. Even though cash flow can be calculated based on the nature of the project, for the simplicity of the article we are assuming that all the expected cash flows are realized at the end of the year.

Discounted Cash Flow approaches provide a more objective basis for evaluating and selecting investment projects. They take into consideration both –

1. Timing of the expected cash flows – stockholders of Ayurvaid Ayurveda have higher preference for cash returns over 4-5 years rather than 10-15 years given the nature of the volatility in the industry.
2. Magnitude of both incoming and outgoing cash flows – Projects can be capital intensive, time intensive, or both. Ayurvaid Ayurveda shareholders have preference for diversified projects investment rather than prospective high income from a single capital intensive project.

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Formula and Steps to Calculate Net Present Value (NPV) of AyurVAID: Grandma's Remedies or Blue Ocean Strategy

NPV = Net Cash In Flowt1 / (1+r)t1 + Net Cash In Flowt2 / (1+r)t2 + … Net Cash In Flowtn / (1+r)tn
Less Net Cash Out Flowt0 / (1+r)t0

Where t = time period, in this case year 1, year 2 and so on.
r = discount rate or return that could be earned using other safe proposition such as fixed deposit or treasury bond rate. Net Cash In Flow – What the firm will get each year.
Net Cash Out Flow – What the firm needs to invest initially in the project.

Step 1 – Understand the nature of the project and calculate cash flow for each year.
Step 2 – Discount those cash flow based on the discount rate.
Step 3 – Add all the discounted cash flow.
Step 4 – Selection of the project

Why Strategy & Execution Managers need to know Financial Tools such as Net Present Value (NPV)?

In our daily workplace we often come across people and colleagues who are just focused on their core competency and targets they have to deliver. For example marketing managers at Ayurvaid Ayurveda often design programs whose objective is to drive brand awareness and customer reach. But how that 30 point increase in brand awareness or 10 point increase in customer touch points will result into shareholders’ value is not specified.

To overcome such scenarios managers at Ayurvaid Ayurveda needs to not only know the financial aspect of project management but also needs to have tools to integrate them into part of the project development and monitoring plan.

Calculating Net Present Value (NPV) at 15%

After working through various assumptions we reached a conclusion that risk is far higher than 6%. In a reasonably stable industry with weak competition - 15% discount rate can be a good benchmark.

Years	Cash Flow	Net Cash Flow	Cumulative     Cash Flow	Discount Rate @ 15 %	Discounted Cash Flows
Year 0	(10027906)	-10027906	-	-
Year 1	3443392	-6584514	3443392	0.8696	2994254
Year 2	3982226	-2602288	7425618	0.7561	3011135
Year 3	3973720	1371432	11399338	0.6575	2612785
Year 4	3225843	4597275	14625181	0.5718	1844386
TOTAL					10462560

The Net NPV after 4 years is 434654

(10462560 - 10027906 )

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Calculating Net Present Value (NPV) at 20%

If the risk component is high in the industry then we should go for a higher hurdle rate / discount rate of 20%.

Years	Cash Flow	Net Cash Flow	Cumulative     Cash Flow	Discount Rate @ 20 %	Discounted Cash Flows
Year 0	(10027906)	-10027906	-	-
Year 1	3443392	-6584514	3443392	0.8333	2869493
Year 2	3982226	-2602288	7425618	0.6944	2765435
Year 3	3973720	1371432	11399338	0.5787	2299606
Year 4	3225843	4597275	14625181	0.4823	1555673
TOTAL					9490207

The Net NPV after 4 years is -537699

At 20% discount rate the NPV is negative (9490207 - 10027906 ) so ideally we can't select the project if macro and micro factors don't allow financial managers of Ayurvaid Ayurveda to discount cash flow at lower discount rates such as 15%.

Acceptance Criteria of a Project based on NPV

Simplest Approach – If the investment project of Ayurvaid Ayurveda has a NPV value higher than Zero then finance managers at Ayurvaid Ayurveda can ACCEPT the project, otherwise they can reject the project. This means that project will deliver higher returns over the period of time than any alternate investment strategy.

In theory if the required rate of return or discount rate is chosen correctly by finance managers at Ayurvaid Ayurveda, then the stock price of the Ayurvaid Ayurveda should change by same amount of the NPV. In real world we know that share price also reflects various other factors that can be related to both macro and micro environment.

In the same vein – accepting the project with zero NPV should result in stagnant share price. Finance managers use discount rates as a measure of risk components in the project execution process.

Sensitivity Analysis

Project selection is often a far more complex decision than just choosing it based on the NPV number. Finance managers at Ayurvaid Ayurveda should conduct a sensitivity analysis to better understand not only the inherent risk of the projects but also how those risks can be either factored in or mitigated during the project execution. Sensitivity analysis helps in –

What are the key aspects of the projects that need to be monitored, refined, and retuned for continuous delivery of projected cash flows.

What will be a multi year spillover effect of various taxation regulations.

Understanding of risks involved in the project.

What can impact the cash flow of the project.

What are the uncertainties surrounding the project Initial Cash Outlay (ICO’s). ICO’s often have several different components such as land, machinery, building, and other equipment.

Some of the assumptions while using the Discounted Cash Flow Methods –

Projects are assumed to be Mutually Exclusive – This is seldom the came in modern day giant organizations where projects are often inter-related and rejecting a project solely based on NPV can result in sunk cost from a related project.

Independent projects have independent cash flows – As explained in the marketing project – though the project may look independent but in reality it is not as the brand awareness project can be closely associated with the spending on sales promotions and product specific advertising.

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Negotiation Strategy of AyurVAID: Grandma's Remedies or Blue Ocean Strategy

References & Further Readings

Samta Jain, Sunanda Easwaran, Murray J. Bryant (2018), "AyurVAID: Grandma's Remedies or Blue Ocean Strategy Harvard Business Review Case Study. Published by HBR Publications.