Building a Women's Hospital in Coimbatore, India Net Present Value (NPV) / MBA Resources

Introduction to Net Present Value (NPV) - What is Net Present Value (NPV) ? How it impacts financial decisions regarding project management?

NPV solution for Building a Women's Hospital in Coimbatore, India case study

At Oak Spring University, we provide corporate level professional Net Present Value (NPV) case study solution. Building a Women's Hospital in Coimbatore, India case study is a Harvard Business School (HBR) case study written by Gaurab Bhardwaj. The Building a Women's Hospital in Coimbatore, India (referred as “Govindarajan Jay” from here on) case study provides evaluation & decision scenario in field of Strategy & Execution. It also touches upon business topics such as - Value proposition, Strategy.

The net present value (NPV) of an investment proposal is the present value of the proposal’s net cash flows less the proposal’s initial cash outflow. If a project’s NPV is greater than or equal to zero, the project should be accepted.

NPV = Present Value of Future Cash Flows LESS Project’s Initial Investment

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Case Description of Building a Women's Hospital in Coimbatore, India Case Study

The case relates an entrepreneurial effort by Dr. M. Govindarajan and her son Jay Govindarajan to build a high-quality hospital focused on women's health in Coimbatore, a mid-sized city in India. Despite its recent economic growth, India remains a lower-middle-income country with a poor state of health care for a majority of its people. The entrepreneurs abandon their initial desire to target low-income women, as it proves to be economically unviable. Their focus shifts to higher-income women. With no success in raising funds, the family invests almost all its wealth in the new venture. A chance meeting leads Jay to open a fertility clinic in a neighboring city to generate revenue with plans to open more such clinics in other cities. Dr. Govindarajan expresses an interest in starting a blood bank and a specialized ambulance service. The case ends in June 2011 with the hospital opening delayed by several months. Meanwhile, a competitor has emerged with a name similar to theirs, having hired away some of their medical and paramedical professionals. In response, Jay considers acquiring an expensive machine based on a new technology to gain a competitive edge. Should he buy this machine? Given the larger contextual changes in the economy and the health-care sector, what other decisions should he make?

Case Authors : Gaurab Bhardwaj

Topic : Strategy & Execution

Related Areas : Strategy

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Calculating Net Present Value (NPV) at 6% for Building a Women's Hospital in Coimbatore, India Case Study

Years	Cash Flow	Net Cash Flow	Cumulative     Cash Flow	Discount Rate @ 6 %	Discounted Cash Flows
Year 0	(10023622)	-10023622	-	-
Year 1	3444481	-6579141	3444481	0.9434	3249510
Year 2	3971565	-2607576	7416046	0.89	3534679
Year 3	3970768	1363192	11386814	0.8396	3333933
Year 4	3242254	4605446	14629068	0.7921	2568169
TOTAL			14629068		12686291

The Net Present Value at 6% discount rate is 2662669

In isolation the NPV number doesn't mean much but put in right context then it is one of the best method to evaluate project returns. In this article we will cover -

Different methods of capital budgeting

What is NPV & Formula of NPV,
How it is calculated,
How to use NPV number for project evaluation, and
Scenario Planning given risks and management priorities.

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Capital Budgeting Approaches

Methods of Capital Budgeting

There are four types of capital budgeting techniques that are widely used in the corporate world –

1. Net Present Value
2. Profitability Index
3. Payback Period
4. Internal Rate of Return

Apart from the Payback period method which is an additive method, rest of the methods are based on Discounted Cash Flow technique. Even though cash flow can be calculated based on the nature of the project, for the simplicity of the article we are assuming that all the expected cash flows are realized at the end of the year.

Discounted Cash Flow approaches provide a more objective basis for evaluating and selecting investment projects. They take into consideration both –

1. Magnitude of both incoming and outgoing cash flows – Projects can be capital intensive, time intensive, or both. Govindarajan Jay shareholders have preference for diversified projects investment rather than prospective high income from a single capital intensive project.
2. Timing of the expected cash flows – stockholders of Govindarajan Jay have higher preference for cash returns over 4-5 years rather than 10-15 years given the nature of the volatility in the industry.

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Formula and Steps to Calculate Net Present Value (NPV) of Building a Women's Hospital in Coimbatore, India

NPV = Net Cash In Flowt1 / (1+r)t1 + Net Cash In Flowt2 / (1+r)t2 + … Net Cash In Flowtn / (1+r)tn
Less Net Cash Out Flowt0 / (1+r)t0

Where t = time period, in this case year 1, year 2 and so on.
r = discount rate or return that could be earned using other safe proposition such as fixed deposit or treasury bond rate. Net Cash In Flow – What the firm will get each year.
Net Cash Out Flow – What the firm needs to invest initially in the project.

Step 1 – Understand the nature of the project and calculate cash flow for each year.
Step 2 – Discount those cash flow based on the discount rate.
Step 3 – Add all the discounted cash flow.
Step 4 – Selection of the project

Why Strategy & Execution Managers need to know Financial Tools such as Net Present Value (NPV)?

In our daily workplace we often come across people and colleagues who are just focused on their core competency and targets they have to deliver. For example marketing managers at Govindarajan Jay often design programs whose objective is to drive brand awareness and customer reach. But how that 30 point increase in brand awareness or 10 point increase in customer touch points will result into shareholders’ value is not specified.

To overcome such scenarios managers at Govindarajan Jay needs to not only know the financial aspect of project management but also needs to have tools to integrate them into part of the project development and monitoring plan.

Calculating Net Present Value (NPV) at 15%

After working through various assumptions we reached a conclusion that risk is far higher than 6%. In a reasonably stable industry with weak competition - 15% discount rate can be a good benchmark.

Years	Cash Flow	Net Cash Flow	Cumulative     Cash Flow	Discount Rate @ 15 %	Discounted Cash Flows
Year 0	(10023622)	-10023622	-	-
Year 1	3444481	-6579141	3444481	0.8696	2995201
Year 2	3971565	-2607576	7416046	0.7561	3003074
Year 3	3970768	1363192	11386814	0.6575	2610844
Year 4	3242254	4605446	14629068	0.5718	1853769
TOTAL					10462888

The Net NPV after 4 years is 439266

(10462888 - 10023622 )

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Calculating Net Present Value (NPV) at 20%

If the risk component is high in the industry then we should go for a higher hurdle rate / discount rate of 20%.

Years	Cash Flow	Net Cash Flow	Cumulative     Cash Flow	Discount Rate @ 20 %	Discounted Cash Flows
Year 0	(10023622)	-10023622	-	-
Year 1	3444481	-6579141	3444481	0.8333	2870401
Year 2	3971565	-2607576	7416046	0.6944	2758031
Year 3	3970768	1363192	11386814	0.5787	2297898
Year 4	3242254	4605446	14629068	0.4823	1563587
TOTAL					9489917

The Net NPV after 4 years is -533705

At 20% discount rate the NPV is negative (9489917 - 10023622 ) so ideally we can't select the project if macro and micro factors don't allow financial managers of Govindarajan Jay to discount cash flow at lower discount rates such as 15%.

Acceptance Criteria of a Project based on NPV

Simplest Approach – If the investment project of Govindarajan Jay has a NPV value higher than Zero then finance managers at Govindarajan Jay can ACCEPT the project, otherwise they can reject the project. This means that project will deliver higher returns over the period of time than any alternate investment strategy.

In theory if the required rate of return or discount rate is chosen correctly by finance managers at Govindarajan Jay, then the stock price of the Govindarajan Jay should change by same amount of the NPV. In real world we know that share price also reflects various other factors that can be related to both macro and micro environment.

In the same vein – accepting the project with zero NPV should result in stagnant share price. Finance managers use discount rates as a measure of risk components in the project execution process.

Sensitivity Analysis

Project selection is often a far more complex decision than just choosing it based on the NPV number. Finance managers at Govindarajan Jay should conduct a sensitivity analysis to better understand not only the inherent risk of the projects but also how those risks can be either factored in or mitigated during the project execution. Sensitivity analysis helps in –

What are the uncertainties surrounding the project Initial Cash Outlay (ICO’s). ICO’s often have several different components such as land, machinery, building, and other equipment.

Understanding of risks involved in the project.

What will be a multi year spillover effect of various taxation regulations.

What can impact the cash flow of the project.

What are the key aspects of the projects that need to be monitored, refined, and retuned for continuous delivery of projected cash flows.

Some of the assumptions while using the Discounted Cash Flow Methods –

Projects are assumed to be Mutually Exclusive – This is seldom the came in modern day giant organizations where projects are often inter-related and rejecting a project solely based on NPV can result in sunk cost from a related project.

Independent projects have independent cash flows – As explained in the marketing project – though the project may look independent but in reality it is not as the brand awareness project can be closely associated with the spending on sales promotions and product specific advertising.

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Negotiation Strategy of Building a Women's Hospital in Coimbatore, India

References & Further Readings

Gaurab Bhardwaj (2018), "Building a Women's Hospital in Coimbatore, India Harvard Business Review Case Study. Published by HBR Publications.