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Sona Koyo Steering Systems Limited: Spearheading Competitiveness in India's Automotive Components Industry Net Present Value (NPV) / MBA Resources

Introduction to Net Present Value (NPV) - What is Net Present Value (NPV) ? How it impacts financial decisions regarding project management?

NPV solution for Sona Koyo Steering Systems Limited: Spearheading Competitiveness in India's Automotive Components Industry case study


At Oak Spring University, we provide corporate level professional Net Present Value (NPV) case study solution. Sona Koyo Steering Systems Limited: Spearheading Competitiveness in India's Automotive Components Industry case study is a Harvard Business School (HBR) case study written by Kirankumar Momaya, Chintan Shivani. The Sona Koyo Steering Systems Limited: Spearheading Competitiveness in India's Automotive Components Industry (referred as “Sona Competitiveness” from here on) case study provides evaluation & decision scenario in field of Strategy & Execution. It also touches upon business topics such as - Value proposition, Change management, Joint ventures, Leadership, Product development.

The net present value (NPV) of an investment proposal is the present value of the proposal’s net cash flows less the proposal’s initial cash outflow. If a project’s NPV is greater than or equal to zero, the project should be accepted.

NPV = Present Value of Future Cash Flows LESS Project’s Initial Investment






Case Description of Sona Koyo Steering Systems Limited: Spearheading Competitiveness in India's Automotive Components Industry Case Study


Since the mid-1980s, Sona Steering Systems (later renamed as Sona Koyo Steering Systems Ltd) has been a competitive player in the Indian auto component industry. The firm has made remarkable progress in competitiveness through numerous initiatives over the past two decades. Starting as a single-source supplier of simple mechanical steering systems, the firm has systematically improved competitiveness, evolving into a capable Deming Prize-winning firm with capabilities across the industry value system. By November 2005, the firm had many customers and, for some of them, had designed entire systems to their specifications. This case provides a context for identifying Sona Koyo's sources of competitiveness through two important concepts. The versatile yet simple assets-processes-performance (APP) framework is used to identify relevant factors of competitiveness, while the concept of the "competitiveness journey" is introduced to examine different contexts, scenarios, strategies and initiatives as well as company performance. The case builds on analysis of data and insights culled from professionals at different levels of the company, up to the chairman.


Case Authors : Kirankumar Momaya, Chintan Shivani

Topic : Strategy & Execution

Related Areas : Change management, Joint ventures, Leadership, Product development




Calculating Net Present Value (NPV) at 6% for Sona Koyo Steering Systems Limited: Spearheading Competitiveness in India's Automotive Components Industry Case Study


Years              Cash Flow     Net Cash Flow     Cumulative    
Cash Flow
Discount Rate
@ 6 %
Discounted
Cash Flows
Year 0 (10014570) -10014570 - -
Year 1 3460971 -6553599 3460971 0.9434 3265067
Year 2 3966487 -2587112 7427458 0.89 3530159
Year 3 3948799 1361687 11376257 0.8396 3315488
Year 4 3244589 4606276 14620846 0.7921 2570018
TOTAL 14620846 12680732




The Net Present Value at 6% discount rate is 2666162

In isolation the NPV number doesn't mean much but put in right context then it is one of the best method to evaluate project returns. In this article we will cover -

Different methods of capital budgeting


What is NPV & Formula of NPV,
How it is calculated,
How to use NPV number for project evaluation, and
Scenario Planning given risks and management priorities.




Capital Budgeting Approaches

Methods of Capital Budgeting


There are four types of capital budgeting techniques that are widely used in the corporate world –

1. Profitability Index
2. Net Present Value
3. Payback Period
4. Internal Rate of Return

Apart from the Payback period method which is an additive method, rest of the methods are based on Discounted Cash Flow technique. Even though cash flow can be calculated based on the nature of the project, for the simplicity of the article we are assuming that all the expected cash flows are realized at the end of the year.

Discounted Cash Flow approaches provide a more objective basis for evaluating and selecting investment projects. They take into consideration both –

1. Magnitude of both incoming and outgoing cash flows – Projects can be capital intensive, time intensive, or both. Sona Competitiveness shareholders have preference for diversified projects investment rather than prospective high income from a single capital intensive project.
2. Timing of the expected cash flows – stockholders of Sona Competitiveness have higher preference for cash returns over 4-5 years rather than 10-15 years given the nature of the volatility in the industry.






Formula and Steps to Calculate Net Present Value (NPV) of Sona Koyo Steering Systems Limited: Spearheading Competitiveness in India's Automotive Components Industry

NPV = Net Cash In Flowt1 / (1+r)t1 + Net Cash In Flowt2 / (1+r)t2 + … Net Cash In Flowtn / (1+r)tn
Less Net Cash Out Flowt0 / (1+r)t0

Where t = time period, in this case year 1, year 2 and so on.
r = discount rate or return that could be earned using other safe proposition such as fixed deposit or treasury bond rate. Net Cash In Flow – What the firm will get each year.
Net Cash Out Flow – What the firm needs to invest initially in the project.

Step 1 – Understand the nature of the project and calculate cash flow for each year.
Step 2 – Discount those cash flow based on the discount rate.
Step 3 – Add all the discounted cash flow.
Step 4 – Selection of the project

Why Strategy & Execution Managers need to know Financial Tools such as Net Present Value (NPV)?

In our daily workplace we often come across people and colleagues who are just focused on their core competency and targets they have to deliver. For example marketing managers at Sona Competitiveness often design programs whose objective is to drive brand awareness and customer reach. But how that 30 point increase in brand awareness or 10 point increase in customer touch points will result into shareholders’ value is not specified.

To overcome such scenarios managers at Sona Competitiveness needs to not only know the financial aspect of project management but also needs to have tools to integrate them into part of the project development and monitoring plan.

Calculating Net Present Value (NPV) at 15%

After working through various assumptions we reached a conclusion that risk is far higher than 6%. In a reasonably stable industry with weak competition - 15% discount rate can be a good benchmark.



Years              Cash Flow     Net Cash Flow     Cumulative    
Cash Flow
Discount Rate
@ 15 %
Discounted
Cash Flows
Year 0 (10014570) -10014570 - -
Year 1 3460971 -6553599 3460971 0.8696 3009540
Year 2 3966487 -2587112 7427458 0.7561 2999234
Year 3 3948799 1361687 11376257 0.6575 2596399
Year 4 3244589 4606276 14620846 0.5718 1855104
TOTAL 10460278


The Net NPV after 4 years is 445708

(10460278 - 10014570 )








Calculating Net Present Value (NPV) at 20%


If the risk component is high in the industry then we should go for a higher hurdle rate / discount rate of 20%.

Years              Cash Flow     Net Cash Flow     Cumulative    
Cash Flow
Discount Rate
@ 20 %
Discounted
Cash Flows
Year 0 (10014570) -10014570 - -
Year 1 3460971 -6553599 3460971 0.8333 2884143
Year 2 3966487 -2587112 7427458 0.6944 2754505
Year 3 3948799 1361687 11376257 0.5787 2285185
Year 4 3244589 4606276 14620846 0.4823 1564713
TOTAL 9488545


The Net NPV after 4 years is -526025

At 20% discount rate the NPV is negative (9488545 - 10014570 ) so ideally we can't select the project if macro and micro factors don't allow financial managers of Sona Competitiveness to discount cash flow at lower discount rates such as 15%.





Acceptance Criteria of a Project based on NPV

Simplest Approach – If the investment project of Sona Competitiveness has a NPV value higher than Zero then finance managers at Sona Competitiveness can ACCEPT the project, otherwise they can reject the project. This means that project will deliver higher returns over the period of time than any alternate investment strategy.

In theory if the required rate of return or discount rate is chosen correctly by finance managers at Sona Competitiveness, then the stock price of the Sona Competitiveness should change by same amount of the NPV. In real world we know that share price also reflects various other factors that can be related to both macro and micro environment.

In the same vein – accepting the project with zero NPV should result in stagnant share price. Finance managers use discount rates as a measure of risk components in the project execution process.

Sensitivity Analysis

Project selection is often a far more complex decision than just choosing it based on the NPV number. Finance managers at Sona Competitiveness should conduct a sensitivity analysis to better understand not only the inherent risk of the projects but also how those risks can be either factored in or mitigated during the project execution. Sensitivity analysis helps in –

What are the uncertainties surrounding the project Initial Cash Outlay (ICO’s). ICO’s often have several different components such as land, machinery, building, and other equipment.

What are the key aspects of the projects that need to be monitored, refined, and retuned for continuous delivery of projected cash flows.

What will be a multi year spillover effect of various taxation regulations.

What can impact the cash flow of the project.

Understanding of risks involved in the project.

Some of the assumptions while using the Discounted Cash Flow Methods –

Projects are assumed to be Mutually Exclusive – This is seldom the came in modern day giant organizations where projects are often inter-related and rejecting a project solely based on NPV can result in sunk cost from a related project.

Independent projects have independent cash flows – As explained in the marketing project – though the project may look independent but in reality it is not as the brand awareness project can be closely associated with the spending on sales promotions and product specific advertising.






Negotiation Strategy of Sona Koyo Steering Systems Limited: Spearheading Competitiveness in India's Automotive Components Industry

References & Further Readings

Kirankumar Momaya, Chintan Shivani (2018), "Sona Koyo Steering Systems Limited: Spearheading Competitiveness in India's Automotive Components Industry Harvard Business Review Case Study. Published by HBR Publications.


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