Three Jays Corporation, Spanish Version Net Present Value (NPV) / MBA Resources

Introduction to Net Present Value (NPV) - What is Net Present Value (NPV) ? How it impacts financial decisions regarding project management?

NPV solution for Three Jays Corporation, Spanish Version case study

At Oak Spring University, we provide corporate level professional Net Present Value (NPV) case study solution. Three Jays Corporation, Spanish Version case study is a Harvard Business School (HBR) case study written by Paul W. Marshall, Mark Davis. The Three Jays Corporation, Spanish Version (referred as “Jays Eoq” from here on) case study provides evaluation & decision scenario in field of Technology & Operations. It also touches upon business topics such as - Value proposition, Supply chain.

The net present value (NPV) of an investment proposal is the present value of the proposal’s net cash flows less the proposal’s initial cash outflow. If a project’s NPV is greater than or equal to zero, the project should be accepted.

NPV = Present Value of Future Cash Flows LESS Project’s Initial Investment

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Case Description of Three Jays Corporation, Spanish Version Case Study

Brodie Arens is an MBA student and summer intern at Three Jays Corporation, a jam and jelly manufacturer in Michigan. Brodie's first assignment as an intern is to update the inventory and production planning system. Initially, he begins by updating the Economic Order Quantities (EOQ) and Reorder Points (ROP) for each product. However, he soon learns that the formal production planning system was being ignored by the workers on the factory floor. Consequently, Brodie has to decide what should be done with the system and how to implement his recommendations. This case illustrates the 2 major types of errors that can occur when using Economic Order Quantity (EOQ) as a tool in production scheduling. It can be used in an inventory control or tradeoff analysis section in a production and operations management course or in a supply chain management course.

Case Authors : Paul W. Marshall, Mark Davis

Topic : Technology & Operations

Related Areas : Supply chain

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Calculating Net Present Value (NPV) at 6% for Three Jays Corporation, Spanish Version Case Study

Years	Cash Flow	Net Cash Flow	Cumulative     Cash Flow	Discount Rate @ 6 %	Discounted Cash Flows
Year 0	(10019940)	-10019940	-	-
Year 1	3460596	-6559344	3460596	0.9434	3264713
Year 2	3965901	-2593443	7426497	0.89	3529638
Year 3	3970507	1377064	11397004	0.8396	3333714
Year 4	3222364	4599428	14619368	0.7921	2552414
TOTAL			14619368		12680479

The Net Present Value at 6% discount rate is 2660539

In isolation the NPV number doesn't mean much but put in right context then it is one of the best method to evaluate project returns. In this article we will cover -

Different methods of capital budgeting

What is NPV & Formula of NPV,
How it is calculated,
How to use NPV number for project evaluation, and
Scenario Planning given risks and management priorities.

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Capital Budgeting Approaches

Methods of Capital Budgeting

There are four types of capital budgeting techniques that are widely used in the corporate world –

1. Net Present Value
2. Profitability Index
3. Internal Rate of Return
4. Payback Period

Apart from the Payback period method which is an additive method, rest of the methods are based on Discounted Cash Flow technique. Even though cash flow can be calculated based on the nature of the project, for the simplicity of the article we are assuming that all the expected cash flows are realized at the end of the year.

Discounted Cash Flow approaches provide a more objective basis for evaluating and selecting investment projects. They take into consideration both –

1. Timing of the expected cash flows – stockholders of Jays Eoq have higher preference for cash returns over 4-5 years rather than 10-15 years given the nature of the volatility in the industry.
2. Magnitude of both incoming and outgoing cash flows – Projects can be capital intensive, time intensive, or both. Jays Eoq shareholders have preference for diversified projects investment rather than prospective high income from a single capital intensive project.

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Formula and Steps to Calculate Net Present Value (NPV) of Three Jays Corporation, Spanish Version

NPV = Net Cash In Flowt1 / (1+r)t1 + Net Cash In Flowt2 / (1+r)t2 + … Net Cash In Flowtn / (1+r)tn
Less Net Cash Out Flowt0 / (1+r)t0

Where t = time period, in this case year 1, year 2 and so on.
r = discount rate or return that could be earned using other safe proposition such as fixed deposit or treasury bond rate. Net Cash In Flow – What the firm will get each year.
Net Cash Out Flow – What the firm needs to invest initially in the project.

Step 1 – Understand the nature of the project and calculate cash flow for each year.
Step 2 – Discount those cash flow based on the discount rate.
Step 3 – Add all the discounted cash flow.
Step 4 – Selection of the project

Why Technology & Operations Managers need to know Financial Tools such as Net Present Value (NPV)?

In our daily workplace we often come across people and colleagues who are just focused on their core competency and targets they have to deliver. For example marketing managers at Jays Eoq often design programs whose objective is to drive brand awareness and customer reach. But how that 30 point increase in brand awareness or 10 point increase in customer touch points will result into shareholders’ value is not specified.

To overcome such scenarios managers at Jays Eoq needs to not only know the financial aspect of project management but also needs to have tools to integrate them into part of the project development and monitoring plan.

Calculating Net Present Value (NPV) at 15%

After working through various assumptions we reached a conclusion that risk is far higher than 6%. In a reasonably stable industry with weak competition - 15% discount rate can be a good benchmark.

Years	Cash Flow	Net Cash Flow	Cumulative     Cash Flow	Discount Rate @ 15 %	Discounted Cash Flows
Year 0	(10019940)	-10019940	-	-
Year 1	3460596	-6559344	3460596	0.8696	3009214
Year 2	3965901	-2593443	7426497	0.7561	2998791
Year 3	3970507	1377064	11397004	0.6575	2610673
Year 4	3222364	4599428	14619368	0.5718	1842397
TOTAL					10461075

The Net NPV after 4 years is 441135

(10461075 - 10019940 )

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Calculating Net Present Value (NPV) at 20%

If the risk component is high in the industry then we should go for a higher hurdle rate / discount rate of 20%.

Years	Cash Flow	Net Cash Flow	Cumulative     Cash Flow	Discount Rate @ 20 %	Discounted Cash Flows
Year 0	(10019940)	-10019940	-	-
Year 1	3460596	-6559344	3460596	0.8333	2883830
Year 2	3965901	-2593443	7426497	0.6944	2754098
Year 3	3970507	1377064	11397004	0.5787	2297747
Year 4	3222364	4599428	14619368	0.4823	1553995
TOTAL					9489670

The Net NPV after 4 years is -530270

At 20% discount rate the NPV is negative (9489670 - 10019940 ) so ideally we can't select the project if macro and micro factors don't allow financial managers of Jays Eoq to discount cash flow at lower discount rates such as 15%.

Acceptance Criteria of a Project based on NPV

Simplest Approach – If the investment project of Jays Eoq has a NPV value higher than Zero then finance managers at Jays Eoq can ACCEPT the project, otherwise they can reject the project. This means that project will deliver higher returns over the period of time than any alternate investment strategy.

In theory if the required rate of return or discount rate is chosen correctly by finance managers at Jays Eoq, then the stock price of the Jays Eoq should change by same amount of the NPV. In real world we know that share price also reflects various other factors that can be related to both macro and micro environment.

In the same vein – accepting the project with zero NPV should result in stagnant share price. Finance managers use discount rates as a measure of risk components in the project execution process.

Sensitivity Analysis

Project selection is often a far more complex decision than just choosing it based on the NPV number. Finance managers at Jays Eoq should conduct a sensitivity analysis to better understand not only the inherent risk of the projects but also how those risks can be either factored in or mitigated during the project execution. Sensitivity analysis helps in –

What are the uncertainties surrounding the project Initial Cash Outlay (ICO’s). ICO’s often have several different components such as land, machinery, building, and other equipment.

What are the key aspects of the projects that need to be monitored, refined, and retuned for continuous delivery of projected cash flows.

What will be a multi year spillover effect of various taxation regulations.

Understanding of risks involved in the project.

What can impact the cash flow of the project.

Some of the assumptions while using the Discounted Cash Flow Methods –

Projects are assumed to be Mutually Exclusive – This is seldom the came in modern day giant organizations where projects are often inter-related and rejecting a project solely based on NPV can result in sunk cost from a related project.

Independent projects have independent cash flows – As explained in the marketing project – though the project may look independent but in reality it is not as the brand awareness project can be closely associated with the spending on sales promotions and product specific advertising.

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Negotiation Strategy of Three Jays Corporation, Spanish Version

References & Further Readings

Paul W. Marshall, Mark Davis (2018), "Three Jays Corporation, Spanish Version Harvard Business Review Case Study. Published by HBR Publications.