Genzyme and the Research Ethics Questions Associated with Its NeuroCell-PD (TM) Trials Net Present Value (NPV) / MBA Resources

Introduction to Net Present Value (NPV) - What is Net Present Value (NPV) ? How it impacts financial decisions regarding project management?

NPV solution for Genzyme and the Research Ethics Questions Associated with Its NeuroCell-PD (TM) Trials case study

At Oak Spring University, we provide corporate level professional Net Present Value (NPV) case study solution. Genzyme and the Research Ethics Questions Associated with Its NeuroCell-PD (TM) Trials case study is a Harvard Business School (HBR) case study written by Margaret L. Eaton, Tara Thiagarajan, Mark Hong. The Genzyme and the Research Ethics Questions Associated with Its NeuroCell-PD (TM) Trials (referred as “Neurocell Pd” from here on) case study provides evaluation & decision scenario in field of Technology & Operations. It also touches upon business topics such as - Value proposition, .

The net present value (NPV) of an investment proposal is the present value of the proposal’s net cash flows less the proposal’s initial cash outflow. If a project’s NPV is greater than or equal to zero, the project should be accepted.

NPV = Present Value of Future Cash Flows LESS Project’s Initial Investment

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Case Description of Genzyme and the Research Ethics Questions Associated with Its NeuroCell-PD (TM) Trials Case Study

Genzyme Tissue Repair (GTR) had just received favorable Phase I clinical trial results, an important first step in gaining approval from the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for its NeuroCell-PD. The groundbreaking technology behind NeuroCell-PD (developed by Diacrin, Inc.) used fetal pig cell neural transplants to treat Parkinson's disease. GTR was eager to get NeuroCell-PD to market as quickly as possible but knew that the path to obtaining FDA approval would be difficult. Genzyme, an innovative biotechnology company, had often entered uncharted territories in the past and had set precedents in medical research. Controversy would likely center on whether GTR would use what some were calling "sham" surgery as a placebo control in its Phase II trials of NeuroCell-PD in Parkinson's patients--trials intended to demonstrate both the efficacy and safety of the procedure. In sham surgery, a segment of patients in a study undergo the same aspects of the surgery experience as those receiving the experimental treatment, except that it does not involve fetal pig cells. Details the process for testing NeuroCell-PD and discusses the issues concerning sham surgery. Asks students to make a recommendation on whether to conduct sham surgery.

Case Authors : Margaret L. Eaton, Tara Thiagarajan, Mark Hong

Topic : Technology & Operations

Related Areas :

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Calculating Net Present Value (NPV) at 6% for Genzyme and the Research Ethics Questions Associated with Its NeuroCell-PD (TM) Trials Case Study

Years	Cash Flow	Net Cash Flow	Cumulative     Cash Flow	Discount Rate @ 6 %	Discounted Cash Flows
Year 0	(10021461)	-10021461	-	-
Year 1	3457370	-6564091	3457370	0.9434	3261670
Year 2	3977404	-2586687	7434774	0.89	3539875
Year 3	3937093	1350406	11371867	0.8396	3305659
Year 4	3247301	4597707	14619168	0.7921	2572167
TOTAL			14619168		12679371

The Net Present Value at 6% discount rate is 2657910

In isolation the NPV number doesn't mean much but put in right context then it is one of the best method to evaluate project returns. In this article we will cover -

Different methods of capital budgeting

What is NPV & Formula of NPV,
How it is calculated,
How to use NPV number for project evaluation, and
Scenario Planning given risks and management priorities.

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Capital Budgeting Approaches

Methods of Capital Budgeting

There are four types of capital budgeting techniques that are widely used in the corporate world –

1. Internal Rate of Return
2. Net Present Value
3. Payback Period
4. Profitability Index

Apart from the Payback period method which is an additive method, rest of the methods are based on Discounted Cash Flow technique. Even though cash flow can be calculated based on the nature of the project, for the simplicity of the article we are assuming that all the expected cash flows are realized at the end of the year.

Discounted Cash Flow approaches provide a more objective basis for evaluating and selecting investment projects. They take into consideration both –

1. Timing of the expected cash flows – stockholders of Neurocell Pd have higher preference for cash returns over 4-5 years rather than 10-15 years given the nature of the volatility in the industry.
2. Magnitude of both incoming and outgoing cash flows – Projects can be capital intensive, time intensive, or both. Neurocell Pd shareholders have preference for diversified projects investment rather than prospective high income from a single capital intensive project.

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Formula and Steps to Calculate Net Present Value (NPV) of Genzyme and the Research Ethics Questions Associated with Its NeuroCell-PD (TM) Trials

NPV = Net Cash In Flowt1 / (1+r)t1 + Net Cash In Flowt2 / (1+r)t2 + … Net Cash In Flowtn / (1+r)tn
Less Net Cash Out Flowt0 / (1+r)t0

Where t = time period, in this case year 1, year 2 and so on.
r = discount rate or return that could be earned using other safe proposition such as fixed deposit or treasury bond rate. Net Cash In Flow – What the firm will get each year.
Net Cash Out Flow – What the firm needs to invest initially in the project.

Step 1 – Understand the nature of the project and calculate cash flow for each year.
Step 2 – Discount those cash flow based on the discount rate.
Step 3 – Add all the discounted cash flow.
Step 4 – Selection of the project

Why Technology & Operations Managers need to know Financial Tools such as Net Present Value (NPV)?

In our daily workplace we often come across people and colleagues who are just focused on their core competency and targets they have to deliver. For example marketing managers at Neurocell Pd often design programs whose objective is to drive brand awareness and customer reach. But how that 30 point increase in brand awareness or 10 point increase in customer touch points will result into shareholders’ value is not specified.

To overcome such scenarios managers at Neurocell Pd needs to not only know the financial aspect of project management but also needs to have tools to integrate them into part of the project development and monitoring plan.

Calculating Net Present Value (NPV) at 15%

After working through various assumptions we reached a conclusion that risk is far higher than 6%. In a reasonably stable industry with weak competition - 15% discount rate can be a good benchmark.

Years	Cash Flow	Net Cash Flow	Cumulative     Cash Flow	Discount Rate @ 15 %	Discounted Cash Flows
Year 0	(10021461)	-10021461	-	-
Year 1	3457370	-6564091	3457370	0.8696	3006409
Year 2	3977404	-2586687	7434774	0.7561	3007489
Year 3	3937093	1350406	11371867	0.6575	2588703
Year 4	3247301	4597707	14619168	0.5718	1856655
TOTAL					10459255

The Net NPV after 4 years is 437794

(10459255 - 10021461 )

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Calculating Net Present Value (NPV) at 20%

If the risk component is high in the industry then we should go for a higher hurdle rate / discount rate of 20%.

Years	Cash Flow	Net Cash Flow	Cumulative     Cash Flow	Discount Rate @ 20 %	Discounted Cash Flows
Year 0	(10021461)	-10021461	-	-
Year 1	3457370	-6564091	3457370	0.8333	2881142
Year 2	3977404	-2586687	7434774	0.6944	2762086
Year 3	3937093	1350406	11371867	0.5787	2278410
Year 4	3247301	4597707	14619168	0.4823	1566021
TOTAL					9487659

The Net NPV after 4 years is -533802

At 20% discount rate the NPV is negative (9487659 - 10021461 ) so ideally we can't select the project if macro and micro factors don't allow financial managers of Neurocell Pd to discount cash flow at lower discount rates such as 15%.

Acceptance Criteria of a Project based on NPV

Simplest Approach – If the investment project of Neurocell Pd has a NPV value higher than Zero then finance managers at Neurocell Pd can ACCEPT the project, otherwise they can reject the project. This means that project will deliver higher returns over the period of time than any alternate investment strategy.

In theory if the required rate of return or discount rate is chosen correctly by finance managers at Neurocell Pd, then the stock price of the Neurocell Pd should change by same amount of the NPV. In real world we know that share price also reflects various other factors that can be related to both macro and micro environment.

In the same vein – accepting the project with zero NPV should result in stagnant share price. Finance managers use discount rates as a measure of risk components in the project execution process.

Sensitivity Analysis

Project selection is often a far more complex decision than just choosing it based on the NPV number. Finance managers at Neurocell Pd should conduct a sensitivity analysis to better understand not only the inherent risk of the projects but also how those risks can be either factored in or mitigated during the project execution. Sensitivity analysis helps in –

What can impact the cash flow of the project.

What are the key aspects of the projects that need to be monitored, refined, and retuned for continuous delivery of projected cash flows.

What are the uncertainties surrounding the project Initial Cash Outlay (ICO’s). ICO’s often have several different components such as land, machinery, building, and other equipment.

Understanding of risks involved in the project.

What will be a multi year spillover effect of various taxation regulations.

Some of the assumptions while using the Discounted Cash Flow Methods –

Projects are assumed to be Mutually Exclusive – This is seldom the came in modern day giant organizations where projects are often inter-related and rejecting a project solely based on NPV can result in sunk cost from a related project.

Independent projects have independent cash flows – As explained in the marketing project – though the project may look independent but in reality it is not as the brand awareness project can be closely associated with the spending on sales promotions and product specific advertising.

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Negotiation Strategy of Genzyme and the Research Ethics Questions Associated with Its NeuroCell-PD (TM) Trials

References & Further Readings

Margaret L. Eaton, Tara Thiagarajan, Mark Hong (2018), "Genzyme and the Research Ethics Questions Associated with Its NeuroCell-PD (TM) Trials Harvard Business Review Case Study. Published by HBR Publications.