Laurence & Ralph: The Basic Economics of Capacity and Inventory Net Present Value (NPV) / MBA Resources

Introduction to Net Present Value (NPV) - What is Net Present Value (NPV) ? How it impacts financial decisions regarding project management?

NPV solution for Laurence & Ralph: The Basic Economics of Capacity and Inventory case study

At Oak Spring University, we provide corporate level professional Net Present Value (NPV) case study solution. Laurence & Ralph: The Basic Economics of Capacity and Inventory case study is a Harvard Business School (HBR) case study written by Michael T. Pich, Ludo Van Der Heyden. The Laurence & Ralph: The Basic Economics of Capacity and Inventory (referred as “Capacity Inventory” from here on) case study provides evaluation & decision scenario in field of Technology & Operations. It also touches upon business topics such as - Value proposition, .

The net present value (NPV) of an investment proposal is the present value of the proposal’s net cash flows less the proposal’s initial cash outflow. If a project’s NPV is greater than or equal to zero, the project should be accepted.

NPV = Present Value of Future Cash Flows LESS Project’s Initial Investment

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Case Description of Laurence & Ralph: The Basic Economics of Capacity and Inventory Case Study

Laurence & Ralph (L&R) is not a case, per se, but a note on the classical Newsboy Problem. This type of problem is exemplary in capacity or inventory economics. It occurs every time a product needs to be ordered or service capacity needs to be set when demand in the forthcoming sales or service period is uncertain. Fundamentally, the inventory decision is equivalent with a capacity decision, as inventory represents a capacity to sell product in the future, while capacity is a form of inventory for future service.

Case Authors : Michael T. Pich, Ludo Van Der Heyden

Topic : Technology & Operations

Related Areas :

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Calculating Net Present Value (NPV) at 6% for Laurence & Ralph: The Basic Economics of Capacity and Inventory Case Study

Years	Cash Flow	Net Cash Flow	Cumulative     Cash Flow	Discount Rate @ 6 %	Discounted Cash Flows
Year 0	(10020018)	-10020018	-	-
Year 1	3466987	-6553031	3466987	0.9434	3270742
Year 2	3955934	-2597097	7422921	0.89	3520767
Year 3	3970206	1373109	11393127	0.8396	3333462
Year 4	3221991	4595100	14615118	0.7921	2552119
TOTAL			14615118		12677090

The Net Present Value at 6% discount rate is 2657072

In isolation the NPV number doesn't mean much but put in right context then it is one of the best method to evaluate project returns. In this article we will cover -

Different methods of capital budgeting

What is NPV & Formula of NPV,
How it is calculated,
How to use NPV number for project evaluation, and
Scenario Planning given risks and management priorities.

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Capital Budgeting Approaches

Methods of Capital Budgeting

There are four types of capital budgeting techniques that are widely used in the corporate world –

1. Payback Period
2. Internal Rate of Return
3. Net Present Value
4. Profitability Index

Apart from the Payback period method which is an additive method, rest of the methods are based on Discounted Cash Flow technique. Even though cash flow can be calculated based on the nature of the project, for the simplicity of the article we are assuming that all the expected cash flows are realized at the end of the year.

Discounted Cash Flow approaches provide a more objective basis for evaluating and selecting investment projects. They take into consideration both –

1. Timing of the expected cash flows – stockholders of Capacity Inventory have higher preference for cash returns over 4-5 years rather than 10-15 years given the nature of the volatility in the industry.
2. Magnitude of both incoming and outgoing cash flows – Projects can be capital intensive, time intensive, or both. Capacity Inventory shareholders have preference for diversified projects investment rather than prospective high income from a single capital intensive project.

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Formula and Steps to Calculate Net Present Value (NPV) of Laurence & Ralph: The Basic Economics of Capacity and Inventory

NPV = Net Cash In Flowt1 / (1+r)t1 + Net Cash In Flowt2 / (1+r)t2 + … Net Cash In Flowtn / (1+r)tn
Less Net Cash Out Flowt0 / (1+r)t0

Where t = time period, in this case year 1, year 2 and so on.
r = discount rate or return that could be earned using other safe proposition such as fixed deposit or treasury bond rate. Net Cash In Flow – What the firm will get each year.
Net Cash Out Flow – What the firm needs to invest initially in the project.

Step 1 – Understand the nature of the project and calculate cash flow for each year.
Step 2 – Discount those cash flow based on the discount rate.
Step 3 – Add all the discounted cash flow.
Step 4 – Selection of the project

Why Technology & Operations Managers need to know Financial Tools such as Net Present Value (NPV)?

In our daily workplace we often come across people and colleagues who are just focused on their core competency and targets they have to deliver. For example marketing managers at Capacity Inventory often design programs whose objective is to drive brand awareness and customer reach. But how that 30 point increase in brand awareness or 10 point increase in customer touch points will result into shareholders’ value is not specified.

To overcome such scenarios managers at Capacity Inventory needs to not only know the financial aspect of project management but also needs to have tools to integrate them into part of the project development and monitoring plan.

Calculating Net Present Value (NPV) at 15%

After working through various assumptions we reached a conclusion that risk is far higher than 6%. In a reasonably stable industry with weak competition - 15% discount rate can be a good benchmark.

Years	Cash Flow	Net Cash Flow	Cumulative     Cash Flow	Discount Rate @ 15 %	Discounted Cash Flows
Year 0	(10020018)	-10020018	-	-
Year 1	3466987	-6553031	3466987	0.8696	3014771
Year 2	3955934	-2597097	7422921	0.7561	2991254
Year 3	3970206	1373109	11393127	0.6575	2610475
Year 4	3221991	4595100	14615118	0.5718	1842184
TOTAL					10458684

The Net NPV after 4 years is 438666

(10458684 - 10020018 )

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Calculating Net Present Value (NPV) at 20%

If the risk component is high in the industry then we should go for a higher hurdle rate / discount rate of 20%.

Years	Cash Flow	Net Cash Flow	Cumulative     Cash Flow	Discount Rate @ 20 %	Discounted Cash Flows
Year 0	(10020018)	-10020018	-	-
Year 1	3466987	-6553031	3466987	0.8333	2889156
Year 2	3955934	-2597097	7422921	0.6944	2747176
Year 3	3970206	1373109	11393127	0.5787	2297573
Year 4	3221991	4595100	14615118	0.4823	1553815
TOTAL					9487720

The Net NPV after 4 years is -532298

At 20% discount rate the NPV is negative (9487720 - 10020018 ) so ideally we can't select the project if macro and micro factors don't allow financial managers of Capacity Inventory to discount cash flow at lower discount rates such as 15%.

Acceptance Criteria of a Project based on NPV

Simplest Approach – If the investment project of Capacity Inventory has a NPV value higher than Zero then finance managers at Capacity Inventory can ACCEPT the project, otherwise they can reject the project. This means that project will deliver higher returns over the period of time than any alternate investment strategy.

In theory if the required rate of return or discount rate is chosen correctly by finance managers at Capacity Inventory, then the stock price of the Capacity Inventory should change by same amount of the NPV. In real world we know that share price also reflects various other factors that can be related to both macro and micro environment.

In the same vein – accepting the project with zero NPV should result in stagnant share price. Finance managers use discount rates as a measure of risk components in the project execution process.

Sensitivity Analysis

Project selection is often a far more complex decision than just choosing it based on the NPV number. Finance managers at Capacity Inventory should conduct a sensitivity analysis to better understand not only the inherent risk of the projects but also how those risks can be either factored in or mitigated during the project execution. Sensitivity analysis helps in –

What will be a multi year spillover effect of various taxation regulations.

Understanding of risks involved in the project.

What are the uncertainties surrounding the project Initial Cash Outlay (ICO’s). ICO’s often have several different components such as land, machinery, building, and other equipment.

What can impact the cash flow of the project.

What are the key aspects of the projects that need to be monitored, refined, and retuned for continuous delivery of projected cash flows.

Some of the assumptions while using the Discounted Cash Flow Methods –

Projects are assumed to be Mutually Exclusive – This is seldom the came in modern day giant organizations where projects are often inter-related and rejecting a project solely based on NPV can result in sunk cost from a related project.

Independent projects have independent cash flows – As explained in the marketing project – though the project may look independent but in reality it is not as the brand awareness project can be closely associated with the spending on sales promotions and product specific advertising.

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Negotiation Strategy of Laurence & Ralph: The Basic Economics of Capacity and Inventory

References & Further Readings

Michael T. Pich, Ludo Van Der Heyden (2018), "Laurence & Ralph: The Basic Economics of Capacity and Inventory Harvard Business Review Case Study. Published by HBR Publications.