Managing Knowledge and Learning at NASA and the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), Spanish Version Net Present Value (NPV) / MBA Resources

Introduction to Net Present Value (NPV) - What is Net Present Value (NPV) ? How it impacts financial decisions regarding project management?

NPV solution for Managing Knowledge and Learning at NASA and the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), Spanish Version case study

At Oak Spring University, we provide corporate level professional Net Present Value (NPV) case study solution. Managing Knowledge and Learning at NASA and the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), Spanish Version case study is a Harvard Business School (HBR) case study written by Dorothy Leonard, David Kiron. The Managing Knowledge and Learning at NASA and the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), Spanish Version (referred as “Holm Knowledge” from here on) case study provides evaluation & decision scenario in field of Technology & Operations. It also touches upon business topics such as - Value proposition, Knowledge management, Leadership, Organizational culture.

The net present value (NPV) of an investment proposal is the present value of the proposal’s net cash flows less the proposal’s initial cash outflow. If a project’s NPV is greater than or equal to zero, the project should be accepted.

NPV = Present Value of Future Cash Flows LESS Project’s Initial Investment

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Case Description of Managing Knowledge and Learning at NASA and the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), Spanish Version Case Study

Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) faces a serious loss of knowledge--both because of the "faster, better, cheaper" mandate for Mars missions and from the retirement of key personnel. An extensive knowledge management system for NASA/JPL includes formal knowledge-capture mechanisms such as Web pages and digitized manuals and such informal ones as storytelling. The former are much easier to get funded and to implement than the latter, but chief knowledge architect Jeanne Holm is concerned that technology cannot solve some of the most difficult issues she faces. This case focuses more on managing the tacit knowledge held in the heads of scientists and experienced project managers than on the information technology that Holm has put in place. The switch from expensive but infrequent Mars missions to 2 missions every 26 months propelled a number of junior managers into positions of responsibility and decision making for which they had inadequate experience. In the face of increasingly tight budgets, Holm must decide what kinds of knowledge management initiatives to back--and how to encourage the cultural change that is needed in the organization.

Case Authors : Dorothy Leonard, David Kiron

Topic : Technology & Operations

Related Areas : Knowledge management, Leadership, Organizational culture

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Calculating Net Present Value (NPV) at 6% for Managing Knowledge and Learning at NASA and the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), Spanish Version Case Study

Years	Cash Flow	Net Cash Flow	Cumulative     Cash Flow	Discount Rate @ 6 %	Discounted Cash Flows
Year 0	(10000354)	-10000354	-	-
Year 1	3450380	-6549974	3450380	0.9434	3255075
Year 2	3953808	-2596166	7404188	0.89	3518875
Year 3	3972122	1375956	11376310	0.8396	3335070
Year 4	3234299	4610255	14610609	0.7921	2561868
TOTAL			14610609		12670888

The Net Present Value at 6% discount rate is 2670534

In isolation the NPV number doesn't mean much but put in right context then it is one of the best method to evaluate project returns. In this article we will cover -

Different methods of capital budgeting

What is NPV & Formula of NPV,
How it is calculated,
How to use NPV number for project evaluation, and
Scenario Planning given risks and management priorities.

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Capital Budgeting Approaches

Methods of Capital Budgeting

There are four types of capital budgeting techniques that are widely used in the corporate world –

1. Payback Period
2. Internal Rate of Return
3. Profitability Index
4. Net Present Value

Apart from the Payback period method which is an additive method, rest of the methods are based on Discounted Cash Flow technique. Even though cash flow can be calculated based on the nature of the project, for the simplicity of the article we are assuming that all the expected cash flows are realized at the end of the year.

Discounted Cash Flow approaches provide a more objective basis for evaluating and selecting investment projects. They take into consideration both –

1. Timing of the expected cash flows – stockholders of Holm Knowledge have higher preference for cash returns over 4-5 years rather than 10-15 years given the nature of the volatility in the industry.
2. Magnitude of both incoming and outgoing cash flows – Projects can be capital intensive, time intensive, or both. Holm Knowledge shareholders have preference for diversified projects investment rather than prospective high income from a single capital intensive project.

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Formula and Steps to Calculate Net Present Value (NPV) of Managing Knowledge and Learning at NASA and the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), Spanish Version

NPV = Net Cash In Flowt1 / (1+r)t1 + Net Cash In Flowt2 / (1+r)t2 + … Net Cash In Flowtn / (1+r)tn
Less Net Cash Out Flowt0 / (1+r)t0

Where t = time period, in this case year 1, year 2 and so on.
r = discount rate or return that could be earned using other safe proposition such as fixed deposit or treasury bond rate. Net Cash In Flow – What the firm will get each year.
Net Cash Out Flow – What the firm needs to invest initially in the project.

Step 1 – Understand the nature of the project and calculate cash flow for each year.
Step 2 – Discount those cash flow based on the discount rate.
Step 3 – Add all the discounted cash flow.
Step 4 – Selection of the project

Why Technology & Operations Managers need to know Financial Tools such as Net Present Value (NPV)?

In our daily workplace we often come across people and colleagues who are just focused on their core competency and targets they have to deliver. For example marketing managers at Holm Knowledge often design programs whose objective is to drive brand awareness and customer reach. But how that 30 point increase in brand awareness or 10 point increase in customer touch points will result into shareholders’ value is not specified.

To overcome such scenarios managers at Holm Knowledge needs to not only know the financial aspect of project management but also needs to have tools to integrate them into part of the project development and monitoring plan.

Calculating Net Present Value (NPV) at 15%

After working through various assumptions we reached a conclusion that risk is far higher than 6%. In a reasonably stable industry with weak competition - 15% discount rate can be a good benchmark.

Years	Cash Flow	Net Cash Flow	Cumulative     Cash Flow	Discount Rate @ 15 %	Discounted Cash Flows
Year 0	(10000354)	-10000354	-	-
Year 1	3450380	-6549974	3450380	0.8696	3000330
Year 2	3953808	-2596166	7404188	0.7561	2989647
Year 3	3972122	1375956	11376310	0.6575	2611735
Year 4	3234299	4610255	14610609	0.5718	1849221
TOTAL					10450933

The Net NPV after 4 years is 450579

(10450933 - 10000354 )

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Calculating Net Present Value (NPV) at 20%

If the risk component is high in the industry then we should go for a higher hurdle rate / discount rate of 20%.

Years	Cash Flow	Net Cash Flow	Cumulative     Cash Flow	Discount Rate @ 20 %	Discounted Cash Flows
Year 0	(10000354)	-10000354	-	-
Year 1	3450380	-6549974	3450380	0.8333	2875317
Year 2	3953808	-2596166	7404188	0.6944	2745700
Year 3	3972122	1375956	11376310	0.5787	2298682
Year 4	3234299	4610255	14610609	0.4823	1559751
TOTAL					9479449

The Net NPV after 4 years is -520905

At 20% discount rate the NPV is negative (9479449 - 10000354 ) so ideally we can't select the project if macro and micro factors don't allow financial managers of Holm Knowledge to discount cash flow at lower discount rates such as 15%.

Acceptance Criteria of a Project based on NPV

Simplest Approach – If the investment project of Holm Knowledge has a NPV value higher than Zero then finance managers at Holm Knowledge can ACCEPT the project, otherwise they can reject the project. This means that project will deliver higher returns over the period of time than any alternate investment strategy.

In theory if the required rate of return or discount rate is chosen correctly by finance managers at Holm Knowledge, then the stock price of the Holm Knowledge should change by same amount of the NPV. In real world we know that share price also reflects various other factors that can be related to both macro and micro environment.

In the same vein – accepting the project with zero NPV should result in stagnant share price. Finance managers use discount rates as a measure of risk components in the project execution process.

Sensitivity Analysis

Project selection is often a far more complex decision than just choosing it based on the NPV number. Finance managers at Holm Knowledge should conduct a sensitivity analysis to better understand not only the inherent risk of the projects but also how those risks can be either factored in or mitigated during the project execution. Sensitivity analysis helps in –

What are the uncertainties surrounding the project Initial Cash Outlay (ICO’s). ICO’s often have several different components such as land, machinery, building, and other equipment.

What will be a multi year spillover effect of various taxation regulations.

What can impact the cash flow of the project.

Understanding of risks involved in the project.

What are the key aspects of the projects that need to be monitored, refined, and retuned for continuous delivery of projected cash flows.

Some of the assumptions while using the Discounted Cash Flow Methods –

Projects are assumed to be Mutually Exclusive – This is seldom the came in modern day giant organizations where projects are often inter-related and rejecting a project solely based on NPV can result in sunk cost from a related project.

Independent projects have independent cash flows – As explained in the marketing project – though the project may look independent but in reality it is not as the brand awareness project can be closely associated with the spending on sales promotions and product specific advertising.

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Negotiation Strategy of Managing Knowledge and Learning at NASA and the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), Spanish Version

References & Further Readings

Dorothy Leonard, David Kiron (2018), "Managing Knowledge and Learning at NASA and the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), Spanish Version Harvard Business Review Case Study. Published by HBR Publications.