Ingersoll Rand: Creating Effective Engineering and Technology Centres (A) Net Present Value (NPV) / MBA Resources

Introduction to Net Present Value (NPV) - What is Net Present Value (NPV) ? How it impacts financial decisions regarding project management?

NPV solution for Ingersoll Rand: Creating Effective Engineering and Technology Centres (A) case study

At Oak Spring University, we provide corporate level professional Net Present Value (NPV) case study solution. Ingersoll Rand: Creating Effective Engineering and Technology Centres (A) case study is a Harvard Business School (HBR) case study written by Rahul Chandra Sheel, Neharika Vohra. The Ingersoll Rand: Creating Effective Engineering and Technology Centres (A) (referred as “Engineering Centres” from here on) case study provides evaluation & decision scenario in field of Organizational Development. It also touches upon business topics such as - Value proposition, Design, Manufacturing, Talent management.

The net present value (NPV) of an investment proposal is the present value of the proposal’s net cash flows less the proposal’s initial cash outflow. If a project’s NPV is greater than or equal to zero, the project should be accepted.

NPV = Present Value of Future Cash Flows LESS Project’s Initial Investment

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Case Description of Ingersoll Rand: Creating Effective Engineering and Technology Centres (A) Case Study

In 2012, Ingersoll Rand India added the position of senior director of engineering for its engineering and technology centres, which were originally established to support the product development activities of the company. The new position was established to lead the currently low-performing engineering and technology centres to a new, more efficient and effective path. Projects had been missing their delivery targets, and there were major differences in the understanding of the requirements among the strategic business unit teams. This all led to continuous changes in deliverables and resulted in customer dissatisfaction. Key employees were unhappy, and some high-performing team members had left the organization. The new senior director of engineering needed to assess the situation and determine whether he had the right organizational configuration to grow and sustain the engineering for its engineering and technology centres in Ingersoll Rand India. The case comprises two parts: Part A describes the challenges faced by the organization overall, and Part B discusses the progress between 2012 and 2015. Rahul Chandra Sheel is affiliated with XLRI-Xavier School of Management. Neharika Vohra is affiliated with Indian Institute of Management Ahmedabad.

Case Authors : Rahul Chandra Sheel, Neharika Vohra

Topic : Organizational Development

Related Areas : Design, Manufacturing, Talent management

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Calculating Net Present Value (NPV) at 6% for Ingersoll Rand: Creating Effective Engineering and Technology Centres (A) Case Study

Years	Cash Flow	Net Cash Flow	Cumulative     Cash Flow	Discount Rate @ 6 %	Discounted Cash Flows
Year 0	(10013241)	-10013241	-	-
Year 1	3451494	-6561747	3451494	0.9434	3256126
Year 2	3977604	-2584143	7429098	0.89	3540053
Year 3	3945102	1360959	11374200	0.8396	3312384
Year 4	3248264	4609223	14622464	0.7921	2572929
TOTAL			14622464		12681493

The Net Present Value at 6% discount rate is 2668252

In isolation the NPV number doesn't mean much but put in right context then it is one of the best method to evaluate project returns. In this article we will cover -

Different methods of capital budgeting

What is NPV & Formula of NPV,
How it is calculated,
How to use NPV number for project evaluation, and
Scenario Planning given risks and management priorities.

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Capital Budgeting Approaches

Methods of Capital Budgeting

There are four types of capital budgeting techniques that are widely used in the corporate world –

1. Internal Rate of Return
2. Payback Period
3. Net Present Value
4. Profitability Index

Apart from the Payback period method which is an additive method, rest of the methods are based on Discounted Cash Flow technique. Even though cash flow can be calculated based on the nature of the project, for the simplicity of the article we are assuming that all the expected cash flows are realized at the end of the year.

Discounted Cash Flow approaches provide a more objective basis for evaluating and selecting investment projects. They take into consideration both –

1. Magnitude of both incoming and outgoing cash flows – Projects can be capital intensive, time intensive, or both. Engineering Centres shareholders have preference for diversified projects investment rather than prospective high income from a single capital intensive project.
2. Timing of the expected cash flows – stockholders of Engineering Centres have higher preference for cash returns over 4-5 years rather than 10-15 years given the nature of the volatility in the industry.

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Formula and Steps to Calculate Net Present Value (NPV) of Ingersoll Rand: Creating Effective Engineering and Technology Centres (A)

NPV = Net Cash In Flowt1 / (1+r)t1 + Net Cash In Flowt2 / (1+r)t2 + … Net Cash In Flowtn / (1+r)tn
Less Net Cash Out Flowt0 / (1+r)t0

Where t = time period, in this case year 1, year 2 and so on.
r = discount rate or return that could be earned using other safe proposition such as fixed deposit or treasury bond rate. Net Cash In Flow – What the firm will get each year.
Net Cash Out Flow – What the firm needs to invest initially in the project.

Step 1 – Understand the nature of the project and calculate cash flow for each year.
Step 2 – Discount those cash flow based on the discount rate.
Step 3 – Add all the discounted cash flow.
Step 4 – Selection of the project

Why Organizational Development Managers need to know Financial Tools such as Net Present Value (NPV)?

In our daily workplace we often come across people and colleagues who are just focused on their core competency and targets they have to deliver. For example marketing managers at Engineering Centres often design programs whose objective is to drive brand awareness and customer reach. But how that 30 point increase in brand awareness or 10 point increase in customer touch points will result into shareholders’ value is not specified.

To overcome such scenarios managers at Engineering Centres needs to not only know the financial aspect of project management but also needs to have tools to integrate them into part of the project development and monitoring plan.

Calculating Net Present Value (NPV) at 15%

After working through various assumptions we reached a conclusion that risk is far higher than 6%. In a reasonably stable industry with weak competition - 15% discount rate can be a good benchmark.

Years	Cash Flow	Net Cash Flow	Cumulative     Cash Flow	Discount Rate @ 15 %	Discounted Cash Flows
Year 0	(10013241)	-10013241	-	-
Year 1	3451494	-6561747	3451494	0.8696	3001299
Year 2	3977604	-2584143	7429098	0.7561	3007640
Year 3	3945102	1360959	11374200	0.6575	2593969
Year 4	3248264	4609223	14622464	0.5718	1857205
TOTAL					10460113

The Net NPV after 4 years is 446872

(10460113 - 10013241 )

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Calculating Net Present Value (NPV) at 20%

If the risk component is high in the industry then we should go for a higher hurdle rate / discount rate of 20%.

Years	Cash Flow	Net Cash Flow	Cumulative     Cash Flow	Discount Rate @ 20 %	Discounted Cash Flows
Year 0	(10013241)	-10013241	-	-
Year 1	3451494	-6561747	3451494	0.8333	2876245
Year 2	3977604	-2584143	7429098	0.6944	2762225
Year 3	3945102	1360959	11374200	0.5787	2283045
Year 4	3248264	4609223	14622464	0.4823	1566485
TOTAL					9488000

The Net NPV after 4 years is -525241

At 20% discount rate the NPV is negative (9488000 - 10013241 ) so ideally we can't select the project if macro and micro factors don't allow financial managers of Engineering Centres to discount cash flow at lower discount rates such as 15%.

Acceptance Criteria of a Project based on NPV

Simplest Approach – If the investment project of Engineering Centres has a NPV value higher than Zero then finance managers at Engineering Centres can ACCEPT the project, otherwise they can reject the project. This means that project will deliver higher returns over the period of time than any alternate investment strategy.

In theory if the required rate of return or discount rate is chosen correctly by finance managers at Engineering Centres, then the stock price of the Engineering Centres should change by same amount of the NPV. In real world we know that share price also reflects various other factors that can be related to both macro and micro environment.

In the same vein – accepting the project with zero NPV should result in stagnant share price. Finance managers use discount rates as a measure of risk components in the project execution process.

Sensitivity Analysis

Project selection is often a far more complex decision than just choosing it based on the NPV number. Finance managers at Engineering Centres should conduct a sensitivity analysis to better understand not only the inherent risk of the projects but also how those risks can be either factored in or mitigated during the project execution. Sensitivity analysis helps in –

Understanding of risks involved in the project.

What are the key aspects of the projects that need to be monitored, refined, and retuned for continuous delivery of projected cash flows.

What will be a multi year spillover effect of various taxation regulations.

What are the uncertainties surrounding the project Initial Cash Outlay (ICO’s). ICO’s often have several different components such as land, machinery, building, and other equipment.

What can impact the cash flow of the project.

Some of the assumptions while using the Discounted Cash Flow Methods –

Projects are assumed to be Mutually Exclusive – This is seldom the came in modern day giant organizations where projects are often inter-related and rejecting a project solely based on NPV can result in sunk cost from a related project.

Independent projects have independent cash flows – As explained in the marketing project – though the project may look independent but in reality it is not as the brand awareness project can be closely associated with the spending on sales promotions and product specific advertising.

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Negotiation Strategy of Ingersoll Rand: Creating Effective Engineering and Technology Centres (A)

References & Further Readings

Rahul Chandra Sheel, Neharika Vohra (2018), "Ingersoll Rand: Creating Effective Engineering and Technology Centres (A) Harvard Business Review Case Study. Published by HBR Publications.