Fruits of Sherbrooke: Creating a Sustainable Business Net Present Value (NPV) / MBA Resources

Introduction to Net Present Value (NPV) - What is Net Present Value (NPV) ? How it impacts financial decisions regarding project management?

NPV solution for Fruits of Sherbrooke: Creating a Sustainable Business case study

At Oak Spring University, we provide corporate level professional Net Present Value (NPV) case study solution. Fruits of Sherbrooke: Creating a Sustainable Business case study is a Harvard Business School (HBR) case study written by Amy Hingston, Leanne Hedberg Carlson, Cuong Pham, Andrew Phelan. The Fruits of Sherbrooke: Creating a Sustainable Business (referred as “Sherbrooke Fruits” from here on) case study provides evaluation & decision scenario in field of Innovation & Entrepreneurship. It also touches upon business topics such as - Value proposition, Social enterprise, Succession planning, Sustainability.

The net present value (NPV) of an investment proposal is the present value of the proposal’s net cash flows less the proposal’s initial cash outflow. If a project’s NPV is greater than or equal to zero, the project should be accepted.

NPV = Present Value of Future Cash Flows LESS Project’s Initial Investment

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Case Description of Fruits of Sherbrooke: Creating a Sustainable Business Case Study

In 2010, three friends created Fruits of Sherbrooke as a way to rescue local fruit that would otherwise be wasted. The founders knew their efforts would be beneficial for the environment and for people in need of food. In February 2016, having grown their business into a successful social enterprise entirely through the help of volunteers, they faced important decisions. Realistically, they would not always be able to run the organization, which meant facing issues of succession. Additionally, they needed to decide how to balance growth strategies with their commitment to the social good. Should the organization focus on maximizing profitability or should decisions for growth be based only on providing the greatest benefit possible to the community and environment? The authors Amy Hingston, Cuong Pham, Andrew Phelan, Matthew Townley, David Vetters, and Joel Gehman are affiliated with University of Alberta.

Case Authors : Amy Hingston, Leanne Hedberg Carlson, Cuong Pham, Andrew Phelan

Topic : Innovation & Entrepreneurship

Related Areas : Social enterprise, Succession planning, Sustainability

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Calculating Net Present Value (NPV) at 6% for Fruits of Sherbrooke: Creating a Sustainable Business Case Study

Years	Cash Flow	Net Cash Flow	Cumulative     Cash Flow	Discount Rate @ 6 %	Discounted Cash Flows
Year 0	(10006205)	-10006205	-	-
Year 1	3462772	-6543433	3462772	0.9434	3266766
Year 2	3968132	-2575301	7430904	0.89	3531623
Year 3	3967257	1391956	11398161	0.8396	3330985
Year 4	3229109	4621065	14627270	0.7921	2557757
TOTAL			14627270		12687132

The Net Present Value at 6% discount rate is 2680927

In isolation the NPV number doesn't mean much but put in right context then it is one of the best method to evaluate project returns. In this article we will cover -

Different methods of capital budgeting

What is NPV & Formula of NPV,
How it is calculated,
How to use NPV number for project evaluation, and
Scenario Planning given risks and management priorities.

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Capital Budgeting Approaches

Methods of Capital Budgeting

There are four types of capital budgeting techniques that are widely used in the corporate world –

1. Internal Rate of Return
2. Profitability Index
3. Net Present Value
4. Payback Period

Apart from the Payback period method which is an additive method, rest of the methods are based on Discounted Cash Flow technique. Even though cash flow can be calculated based on the nature of the project, for the simplicity of the article we are assuming that all the expected cash flows are realized at the end of the year.

Discounted Cash Flow approaches provide a more objective basis for evaluating and selecting investment projects. They take into consideration both –

1. Timing of the expected cash flows – stockholders of Sherbrooke Fruits have higher preference for cash returns over 4-5 years rather than 10-15 years given the nature of the volatility in the industry.
2. Magnitude of both incoming and outgoing cash flows – Projects can be capital intensive, time intensive, or both. Sherbrooke Fruits shareholders have preference for diversified projects investment rather than prospective high income from a single capital intensive project.

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Formula and Steps to Calculate Net Present Value (NPV) of Fruits of Sherbrooke: Creating a Sustainable Business

NPV = Net Cash In Flowt1 / (1+r)t1 + Net Cash In Flowt2 / (1+r)t2 + … Net Cash In Flowtn / (1+r)tn
Less Net Cash Out Flowt0 / (1+r)t0

Where t = time period, in this case year 1, year 2 and so on.
r = discount rate or return that could be earned using other safe proposition such as fixed deposit or treasury bond rate. Net Cash In Flow – What the firm will get each year.
Net Cash Out Flow – What the firm needs to invest initially in the project.

Step 1 – Understand the nature of the project and calculate cash flow for each year.
Step 2 – Discount those cash flow based on the discount rate.
Step 3 – Add all the discounted cash flow.
Step 4 – Selection of the project

Why Innovation & Entrepreneurship Managers need to know Financial Tools such as Net Present Value (NPV)?

In our daily workplace we often come across people and colleagues who are just focused on their core competency and targets they have to deliver. For example marketing managers at Sherbrooke Fruits often design programs whose objective is to drive brand awareness and customer reach. But how that 30 point increase in brand awareness or 10 point increase in customer touch points will result into shareholders’ value is not specified.

To overcome such scenarios managers at Sherbrooke Fruits needs to not only know the financial aspect of project management but also needs to have tools to integrate them into part of the project development and monitoring plan.

Calculating Net Present Value (NPV) at 15%

After working through various assumptions we reached a conclusion that risk is far higher than 6%. In a reasonably stable industry with weak competition - 15% discount rate can be a good benchmark.

Years	Cash Flow	Net Cash Flow	Cumulative     Cash Flow	Discount Rate @ 15 %	Discounted Cash Flows
Year 0	(10006205)	-10006205	-	-
Year 1	3462772	-6543433	3462772	0.8696	3011106
Year 2	3968132	-2575301	7430904	0.7561	3000478
Year 3	3967257	1391956	11398161	0.6575	2608536
Year 4	3229109	4621065	14627270	0.5718	1846254
TOTAL					10466373

The Net NPV after 4 years is 460168

(10466373 - 10006205 )

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Calculating Net Present Value (NPV) at 20%

If the risk component is high in the industry then we should go for a higher hurdle rate / discount rate of 20%.

Years	Cash Flow	Net Cash Flow	Cumulative     Cash Flow	Discount Rate @ 20 %	Discounted Cash Flows
Year 0	(10006205)	-10006205	-	-
Year 1	3462772	-6543433	3462772	0.8333	2885643
Year 2	3968132	-2575301	7430904	0.6944	2755647
Year 3	3967257	1391956	11398161	0.5787	2295866
Year 4	3229109	4621065	14627270	0.4823	1557248
TOTAL					9494405

The Net NPV after 4 years is -511800

At 20% discount rate the NPV is negative (9494405 - 10006205 ) so ideally we can't select the project if macro and micro factors don't allow financial managers of Sherbrooke Fruits to discount cash flow at lower discount rates such as 15%.

Acceptance Criteria of a Project based on NPV

Simplest Approach – If the investment project of Sherbrooke Fruits has a NPV value higher than Zero then finance managers at Sherbrooke Fruits can ACCEPT the project, otherwise they can reject the project. This means that project will deliver higher returns over the period of time than any alternate investment strategy.

In theory if the required rate of return or discount rate is chosen correctly by finance managers at Sherbrooke Fruits, then the stock price of the Sherbrooke Fruits should change by same amount of the NPV. In real world we know that share price also reflects various other factors that can be related to both macro and micro environment.

In the same vein – accepting the project with zero NPV should result in stagnant share price. Finance managers use discount rates as a measure of risk components in the project execution process.

Sensitivity Analysis

Project selection is often a far more complex decision than just choosing it based on the NPV number. Finance managers at Sherbrooke Fruits should conduct a sensitivity analysis to better understand not only the inherent risk of the projects but also how those risks can be either factored in or mitigated during the project execution. Sensitivity analysis helps in –

What can impact the cash flow of the project.

What are the uncertainties surrounding the project Initial Cash Outlay (ICO’s). ICO’s often have several different components such as land, machinery, building, and other equipment.

Understanding of risks involved in the project.

What will be a multi year spillover effect of various taxation regulations.

What are the key aspects of the projects that need to be monitored, refined, and retuned for continuous delivery of projected cash flows.

Some of the assumptions while using the Discounted Cash Flow Methods –

Projects are assumed to be Mutually Exclusive – This is seldom the came in modern day giant organizations where projects are often inter-related and rejecting a project solely based on NPV can result in sunk cost from a related project.

Independent projects have independent cash flows – As explained in the marketing project – though the project may look independent but in reality it is not as the brand awareness project can be closely associated with the spending on sales promotions and product specific advertising.

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Negotiation Strategy of Fruits of Sherbrooke: Creating a Sustainable Business

References & Further Readings

Amy Hingston, Leanne Hedberg Carlson, Cuong Pham, Andrew Phelan (2018), "Fruits of Sherbrooke: Creating a Sustainable Business Harvard Business Review Case Study. Published by HBR Publications.