Artificial Intelligence and the Future of Work: Human-AI Symbiosis in Organizational Decision Making Net Present Value (NPV) / MBA Resources

Introduction to Net Present Value (NPV) - What is Net Present Value (NPV) ? How it impacts financial decisions regarding project management?

NPV solution for Artificial Intelligence and the Future of Work: Human-AI Symbiosis in Organizational Decision Making case study

At Oak Spring University, we provide corporate level professional Net Present Value (NPV) case study solution. Artificial Intelligence and the Future of Work: Human-AI Symbiosis in Organizational Decision Making case study is a Harvard Business School (HBR) case study written by Mohammad Hossein Jarrahi. The Artificial Intelligence and the Future of Work: Human-AI Symbiosis in Organizational Decision Making (referred as “Ai Humans” from here on) case study provides evaluation & decision scenario in field of Technology & Operations. It also touches upon business topics such as - Value proposition, IT.

The net present value (NPV) of an investment proposal is the present value of the proposal’s net cash flows less the proposal’s initial cash outflow. If a project’s NPV is greater than or equal to zero, the project should be accepted.

NPV = Present Value of Future Cash Flows LESS Project’s Initial Investment

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Case Description of Artificial Intelligence and the Future of Work: Human-AI Symbiosis in Organizational Decision Making Case Study

Artificial intelligence (AI) has penetrated many organizational processes, resulting in a growing fear that smart machines will soon replace many humans in decision making. To provide a more proactive and pragmatic perspective, this article highlights the complementarity of humans and AI and examines how each can bring their own strength in organizational decision-making processes typically characterized by uncertainty, complexity, and equivocality. With a greater computational information processing capacity and an analytical approach, AI can extend humans' cognition when addressing complexity, whereas humans can still offer a more holistic, intuitive approach in dealing with uncertainty and equivocality in organizational decision making. This premise mirrors the idea of intelligence augmentation, which states that AI systems should be designed with the intention of augmenting, not replacing, human contributions.

Case Authors : Mohammad Hossein Jarrahi

Topic : Technology & Operations

Related Areas : IT

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Calculating Net Present Value (NPV) at 6% for Artificial Intelligence and the Future of Work: Human-AI Symbiosis in Organizational Decision Making Case Study

Years	Cash Flow	Net Cash Flow	Cumulative     Cash Flow	Discount Rate @ 6 %	Discounted Cash Flows
Year 0	(10008843)	-10008843	-	-
Year 1	3449930	-6558913	3449930	0.9434	3254651
Year 2	3955194	-2603719	7405124	0.89	3520109
Year 3	3956411	1352692	11361535	0.8396	3321879
Year 4	3238864	4591556	14600399	0.7921	2565484
TOTAL			14600399		12662122

The Net Present Value at 6% discount rate is 2653279

In isolation the NPV number doesn't mean much but put in right context then it is one of the best method to evaluate project returns. In this article we will cover -

Different methods of capital budgeting

What is NPV & Formula of NPV,
How it is calculated,
How to use NPV number for project evaluation, and
Scenario Planning given risks and management priorities.

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Capital Budgeting Approaches

Methods of Capital Budgeting

There are four types of capital budgeting techniques that are widely used in the corporate world –

1. Profitability Index
2. Net Present Value
3. Internal Rate of Return
4. Payback Period

Apart from the Payback period method which is an additive method, rest of the methods are based on Discounted Cash Flow technique. Even though cash flow can be calculated based on the nature of the project, for the simplicity of the article we are assuming that all the expected cash flows are realized at the end of the year.

Discounted Cash Flow approaches provide a more objective basis for evaluating and selecting investment projects. They take into consideration both –

1. Timing of the expected cash flows – stockholders of Ai Humans have higher preference for cash returns over 4-5 years rather than 10-15 years given the nature of the volatility in the industry.
2. Magnitude of both incoming and outgoing cash flows – Projects can be capital intensive, time intensive, or both. Ai Humans shareholders have preference for diversified projects investment rather than prospective high income from a single capital intensive project.

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Formula and Steps to Calculate Net Present Value (NPV) of Artificial Intelligence and the Future of Work: Human-AI Symbiosis in Organizational Decision Making

NPV = Net Cash In Flowt1 / (1+r)t1 + Net Cash In Flowt2 / (1+r)t2 + … Net Cash In Flowtn / (1+r)tn
Less Net Cash Out Flowt0 / (1+r)t0

Where t = time period, in this case year 1, year 2 and so on.
r = discount rate or return that could be earned using other safe proposition such as fixed deposit or treasury bond rate. Net Cash In Flow – What the firm will get each year.
Net Cash Out Flow – What the firm needs to invest initially in the project.

Step 1 – Understand the nature of the project and calculate cash flow for each year.
Step 2 – Discount those cash flow based on the discount rate.
Step 3 – Add all the discounted cash flow.
Step 4 – Selection of the project

Why Technology & Operations Managers need to know Financial Tools such as Net Present Value (NPV)?

In our daily workplace we often come across people and colleagues who are just focused on their core competency and targets they have to deliver. For example marketing managers at Ai Humans often design programs whose objective is to drive brand awareness and customer reach. But how that 30 point increase in brand awareness or 10 point increase in customer touch points will result into shareholders’ value is not specified.

To overcome such scenarios managers at Ai Humans needs to not only know the financial aspect of project management but also needs to have tools to integrate them into part of the project development and monitoring plan.

Calculating Net Present Value (NPV) at 15%

After working through various assumptions we reached a conclusion that risk is far higher than 6%. In a reasonably stable industry with weak competition - 15% discount rate can be a good benchmark.

Years	Cash Flow	Net Cash Flow	Cumulative     Cash Flow	Discount Rate @ 15 %	Discounted Cash Flows
Year 0	(10008843)	-10008843	-	-
Year 1	3449930	-6558913	3449930	0.8696	2999939
Year 2	3955194	-2603719	7405124	0.7561	2990695
Year 3	3956411	1352692	11361535	0.6575	2601404
Year 4	3238864	4591556	14600399	0.5718	1851831
TOTAL					10443869

The Net NPV after 4 years is 435026

(10443869 - 10008843 )

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Calculating Net Present Value (NPV) at 20%

If the risk component is high in the industry then we should go for a higher hurdle rate / discount rate of 20%.

Years	Cash Flow	Net Cash Flow	Cumulative     Cash Flow	Discount Rate @ 20 %	Discounted Cash Flows
Year 0	(10008843)	-10008843	-	-
Year 1	3449930	-6558913	3449930	0.8333	2874942
Year 2	3955194	-2603719	7405124	0.6944	2746663
Year 3	3956411	1352692	11361535	0.5787	2289590
Year 4	3238864	4591556	14600399	0.4823	1561952
TOTAL					9473146

The Net NPV after 4 years is -535697

At 20% discount rate the NPV is negative (9473146 - 10008843 ) so ideally we can't select the project if macro and micro factors don't allow financial managers of Ai Humans to discount cash flow at lower discount rates such as 15%.

Acceptance Criteria of a Project based on NPV

Simplest Approach – If the investment project of Ai Humans has a NPV value higher than Zero then finance managers at Ai Humans can ACCEPT the project, otherwise they can reject the project. This means that project will deliver higher returns over the period of time than any alternate investment strategy.

In theory if the required rate of return or discount rate is chosen correctly by finance managers at Ai Humans, then the stock price of the Ai Humans should change by same amount of the NPV. In real world we know that share price also reflects various other factors that can be related to both macro and micro environment.

In the same vein – accepting the project with zero NPV should result in stagnant share price. Finance managers use discount rates as a measure of risk components in the project execution process.

Sensitivity Analysis

Project selection is often a far more complex decision than just choosing it based on the NPV number. Finance managers at Ai Humans should conduct a sensitivity analysis to better understand not only the inherent risk of the projects but also how those risks can be either factored in or mitigated during the project execution. Sensitivity analysis helps in –

What are the uncertainties surrounding the project Initial Cash Outlay (ICO’s). ICO’s often have several different components such as land, machinery, building, and other equipment.

Understanding of risks involved in the project.

What will be a multi year spillover effect of various taxation regulations.

What are the key aspects of the projects that need to be monitored, refined, and retuned for continuous delivery of projected cash flows.

What can impact the cash flow of the project.

Some of the assumptions while using the Discounted Cash Flow Methods –

Projects are assumed to be Mutually Exclusive – This is seldom the came in modern day giant organizations where projects are often inter-related and rejecting a project solely based on NPV can result in sunk cost from a related project.

Independent projects have independent cash flows – As explained in the marketing project – though the project may look independent but in reality it is not as the brand awareness project can be closely associated with the spending on sales promotions and product specific advertising.

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Negotiation Strategy of Artificial Intelligence and the Future of Work: Human-AI Symbiosis in Organizational Decision Making

References & Further Readings

Mohammad Hossein Jarrahi (2018), "Artificial Intelligence and the Future of Work: Human-AI Symbiosis in Organizational Decision Making Harvard Business Review Case Study. Published by HBR Publications.