Practical Regression: Fixed Effects Models Net Present Value (NPV) / MBA Resources

Introduction to Net Present Value (NPV) - What is Net Present Value (NPV) ? How it impacts financial decisions regarding project management?

NPV solution for Practical Regression: Fixed Effects Models case study

At Oak Spring University, we provide corporate level professional Net Present Value (NPV) case study solution. Practical Regression: Fixed Effects Models case study is a Harvard Business School (HBR) case study written by David Dranove. The Practical Regression: Fixed Effects Models (referred as “Regression Fixed” from here on) case study provides evaluation & decision scenario in field of Finance & Accounting. It also touches upon business topics such as - Value proposition, Financial management, Market research.

The net present value (NPV) of an investment proposal is the present value of the proposal’s net cash flows less the proposal’s initial cash outflow. If a project’s NPV is greater than or equal to zero, the project should be accepted.

NPV = Present Value of Future Cash Flows LESS Project’s Initial Investment

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Case Description of Practical Regression: Fixed Effects Models Case Study

This is the fifth in a series of lecture notes which, if tied together into a textbook, might be entitled "Practical Regression." The purpose of the notes is to supplement the theoretical content of most statistics texts with practical advice based on nearly three decades of experience of the author, combined with over one hundred years of experience of colleagues who have offered guidance. As the title "Practical Regression" suggests, these notes are a guide to performing regression in practice. This technical note discusses fixed effects models. Though a unified example, the note shows how omitted variable bias can plague estimates in cross-section regressions and how focusing attention on intragroup ("within") variation over time can allow for identification of regression coefficients that are free of potential bias. The note demontrates the mathematical principles behind fixed effects modeling and also explains why, in some cases, it may be preferable not to include fixed effects.

Case Authors : David Dranove

Topic : Finance & Accounting

Related Areas : Financial management, Market research

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Calculating Net Present Value (NPV) at 6% for Practical Regression: Fixed Effects Models Case Study

Years	Cash Flow	Net Cash Flow	Cumulative     Cash Flow	Discount Rate @ 6 %	Discounted Cash Flows
Year 0	(10003322)	-10003322	-	-
Year 1	3461063	-6542259	3461063	0.9434	3265154
Year 2	3981430	-2560829	7442493	0.89	3543459
Year 3	3974525	1413696	11417018	0.8396	3337088
Year 4	3229428	4643124	14646446	0.7921	2558009
TOTAL			14646446		12703710

The Net Present Value at 6% discount rate is 2700388

In isolation the NPV number doesn't mean much but put in right context then it is one of the best method to evaluate project returns. In this article we will cover -

Different methods of capital budgeting

What is NPV & Formula of NPV,
How it is calculated,
How to use NPV number for project evaluation, and
Scenario Planning given risks and management priorities.

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Capital Budgeting Approaches

Methods of Capital Budgeting

There are four types of capital budgeting techniques that are widely used in the corporate world –

1. Net Present Value
2. Payback Period
3. Profitability Index
4. Internal Rate of Return

Apart from the Payback period method which is an additive method, rest of the methods are based on Discounted Cash Flow technique. Even though cash flow can be calculated based on the nature of the project, for the simplicity of the article we are assuming that all the expected cash flows are realized at the end of the year.

Discounted Cash Flow approaches provide a more objective basis for evaluating and selecting investment projects. They take into consideration both –

1. Timing of the expected cash flows – stockholders of Regression Fixed have higher preference for cash returns over 4-5 years rather than 10-15 years given the nature of the volatility in the industry.
2. Magnitude of both incoming and outgoing cash flows – Projects can be capital intensive, time intensive, or both. Regression Fixed shareholders have preference for diversified projects investment rather than prospective high income from a single capital intensive project.

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Formula and Steps to Calculate Net Present Value (NPV) of Practical Regression: Fixed Effects Models

NPV = Net Cash In Flowt1 / (1+r)t1 + Net Cash In Flowt2 / (1+r)t2 + … Net Cash In Flowtn / (1+r)tn
Less Net Cash Out Flowt0 / (1+r)t0

Where t = time period, in this case year 1, year 2 and so on.
r = discount rate or return that could be earned using other safe proposition such as fixed deposit or treasury bond rate. Net Cash In Flow – What the firm will get each year.
Net Cash Out Flow – What the firm needs to invest initially in the project.

Step 1 – Understand the nature of the project and calculate cash flow for each year.
Step 2 – Discount those cash flow based on the discount rate.
Step 3 – Add all the discounted cash flow.
Step 4 – Selection of the project

Why Finance & Accounting Managers need to know Financial Tools such as Net Present Value (NPV)?

In our daily workplace we often come across people and colleagues who are just focused on their core competency and targets they have to deliver. For example marketing managers at Regression Fixed often design programs whose objective is to drive brand awareness and customer reach. But how that 30 point increase in brand awareness or 10 point increase in customer touch points will result into shareholders’ value is not specified.

To overcome such scenarios managers at Regression Fixed needs to not only know the financial aspect of project management but also needs to have tools to integrate them into part of the project development and monitoring plan.

Calculating Net Present Value (NPV) at 15%

After working through various assumptions we reached a conclusion that risk is far higher than 6%. In a reasonably stable industry with weak competition - 15% discount rate can be a good benchmark.

Years	Cash Flow	Net Cash Flow	Cumulative     Cash Flow	Discount Rate @ 15 %	Discounted Cash Flows
Year 0	(10003322)	-10003322	-	-
Year 1	3461063	-6542259	3461063	0.8696	3009620
Year 2	3981430	-2560829	7442493	0.7561	3010533
Year 3	3974525	1413696	11417018	0.6575	2613315
Year 4	3229428	4643124	14646446	0.5718	1846436
TOTAL					10479904

The Net NPV after 4 years is 476582

(10479904 - 10003322 )

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Calculating Net Present Value (NPV) at 20%

If the risk component is high in the industry then we should go for a higher hurdle rate / discount rate of 20%.

Years	Cash Flow	Net Cash Flow	Cumulative     Cash Flow	Discount Rate @ 20 %	Discounted Cash Flows
Year 0	(10003322)	-10003322	-	-
Year 1	3461063	-6542259	3461063	0.8333	2884219
Year 2	3981430	-2560829	7442493	0.6944	2764882
Year 3	3974525	1413696	11417018	0.5787	2300072
Year 4	3229428	4643124	14646446	0.4823	1557402
TOTAL					9506575

The Net NPV after 4 years is -496747

At 20% discount rate the NPV is negative (9506575 - 10003322 ) so ideally we can't select the project if macro and micro factors don't allow financial managers of Regression Fixed to discount cash flow at lower discount rates such as 15%.

Acceptance Criteria of a Project based on NPV

Simplest Approach – If the investment project of Regression Fixed has a NPV value higher than Zero then finance managers at Regression Fixed can ACCEPT the project, otherwise they can reject the project. This means that project will deliver higher returns over the period of time than any alternate investment strategy.

In theory if the required rate of return or discount rate is chosen correctly by finance managers at Regression Fixed, then the stock price of the Regression Fixed should change by same amount of the NPV. In real world we know that share price also reflects various other factors that can be related to both macro and micro environment.

In the same vein – accepting the project with zero NPV should result in stagnant share price. Finance managers use discount rates as a measure of risk components in the project execution process.

Sensitivity Analysis

Project selection is often a far more complex decision than just choosing it based on the NPV number. Finance managers at Regression Fixed should conduct a sensitivity analysis to better understand not only the inherent risk of the projects but also how those risks can be either factored in or mitigated during the project execution. Sensitivity analysis helps in –

What will be a multi year spillover effect of various taxation regulations.

What are the uncertainties surrounding the project Initial Cash Outlay (ICO’s). ICO’s often have several different components such as land, machinery, building, and other equipment.

What can impact the cash flow of the project.

Understanding of risks involved in the project.

What are the key aspects of the projects that need to be monitored, refined, and retuned for continuous delivery of projected cash flows.

Some of the assumptions while using the Discounted Cash Flow Methods –

Projects are assumed to be Mutually Exclusive – This is seldom the came in modern day giant organizations where projects are often inter-related and rejecting a project solely based on NPV can result in sunk cost from a related project.

Independent projects have independent cash flows – As explained in the marketing project – though the project may look independent but in reality it is not as the brand awareness project can be closely associated with the spending on sales promotions and product specific advertising.

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Negotiation Strategy of Practical Regression: Fixed Effects Models

References & Further Readings

David Dranove (2018), "Practical Regression: Fixed Effects Models Harvard Business Review Case Study. Published by HBR Publications.