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Looking for Opportunity in Adversity: Iqbal Quadir and Grameenphone (A) Net Present Value (NPV) / MBA Resources

Introduction to Net Present Value (NPV) - What is Net Present Value (NPV) ? How it impacts financial decisions regarding project management?

NPV solution for Looking for Opportunity in Adversity: Iqbal Quadir and Grameenphone (A) case study


At Oak Spring University, we provide corporate level professional Net Present Value (NPV) case study solution. Looking for Opportunity in Adversity: Iqbal Quadir and Grameenphone (A) case study is a Harvard Business School (HBR) case study written by Bhaskar Chakravorti, David Lane. The Looking for Opportunity in Adversity: Iqbal Quadir and Grameenphone (A) (referred as “Quadir Bangladesh” from here on) case study provides evaluation & decision scenario in field of Innovation & Entrepreneurship. It also touches upon business topics such as - Value proposition, Entrepreneurship.

The net present value (NPV) of an investment proposal is the present value of the proposal’s net cash flows less the proposal’s initial cash outflow. If a project’s NPV is greater than or equal to zero, the project should be accepted.

NPV = Present Value of Future Cash Flows LESS Project’s Initial Investment






Case Description of Looking for Opportunity in Adversity: Iqbal Quadir and Grameenphone (A) Case Study


Iqbal Quadir, a former New York investment banker, set about to bring universal telecommunications to his native Bangladesh. He was convinced that, GSM, the same advanced wireless technology that penetrated developed countries in Europe was also the right solution for Bangladesh. He assembled a critical group of partners in a venture, GrameenPhone, that included Scandinavian telecom operators, Grameen Bank, the microfinance pioneer, Bangladesh Railways as well as a Japanese investment firm. Each partner brought a different capability to the venture, but the coalition was fundamentally unstable. Quadir was facing roadblocks no matter which way he turned in his quest to assemble the venture. He came to a point where the rational decision seemed to be to abandon the venture and return to his secure investment banking job. This case highlights the role of bottlenecks and constraints in sparking innovations in business models by the creative entrepreneur.


Case Authors : Bhaskar Chakravorti, David Lane

Topic : Innovation & Entrepreneurship

Related Areas : Entrepreneurship




Calculating Net Present Value (NPV) at 6% for Looking for Opportunity in Adversity: Iqbal Quadir and Grameenphone (A) Case Study


Years              Cash Flow     Net Cash Flow     Cumulative    
Cash Flow
Discount Rate
@ 6 %
Discounted
Cash Flows
Year 0 (10015882) -10015882 - -
Year 1 3465760 -6550122 3465760 0.9434 3269585
Year 2 3967755 -2582367 7433515 0.89 3531288
Year 3 3953479 1371112 11386994 0.8396 3319417
Year 4 3234543 4605655 14621537 0.7921 2562061
TOTAL 14621537 12682351




The Net Present Value at 6% discount rate is 2666469

In isolation the NPV number doesn't mean much but put in right context then it is one of the best method to evaluate project returns. In this article we will cover -

Different methods of capital budgeting


What is NPV & Formula of NPV,
How it is calculated,
How to use NPV number for project evaluation, and
Scenario Planning given risks and management priorities.




Capital Budgeting Approaches

Methods of Capital Budgeting


There are four types of capital budgeting techniques that are widely used in the corporate world –

1. Internal Rate of Return
2. Profitability Index
3. Net Present Value
4. Payback Period

Apart from the Payback period method which is an additive method, rest of the methods are based on Discounted Cash Flow technique. Even though cash flow can be calculated based on the nature of the project, for the simplicity of the article we are assuming that all the expected cash flows are realized at the end of the year.

Discounted Cash Flow approaches provide a more objective basis for evaluating and selecting investment projects. They take into consideration both –

1. Magnitude of both incoming and outgoing cash flows – Projects can be capital intensive, time intensive, or both. Quadir Bangladesh shareholders have preference for diversified projects investment rather than prospective high income from a single capital intensive project.
2. Timing of the expected cash flows – stockholders of Quadir Bangladesh have higher preference for cash returns over 4-5 years rather than 10-15 years given the nature of the volatility in the industry.






Formula and Steps to Calculate Net Present Value (NPV) of Looking for Opportunity in Adversity: Iqbal Quadir and Grameenphone (A)

NPV = Net Cash In Flowt1 / (1+r)t1 + Net Cash In Flowt2 / (1+r)t2 + … Net Cash In Flowtn / (1+r)tn
Less Net Cash Out Flowt0 / (1+r)t0

Where t = time period, in this case year 1, year 2 and so on.
r = discount rate or return that could be earned using other safe proposition such as fixed deposit or treasury bond rate. Net Cash In Flow – What the firm will get each year.
Net Cash Out Flow – What the firm needs to invest initially in the project.

Step 1 – Understand the nature of the project and calculate cash flow for each year.
Step 2 – Discount those cash flow based on the discount rate.
Step 3 – Add all the discounted cash flow.
Step 4 – Selection of the project

Why Innovation & Entrepreneurship Managers need to know Financial Tools such as Net Present Value (NPV)?

In our daily workplace we often come across people and colleagues who are just focused on their core competency and targets they have to deliver. For example marketing managers at Quadir Bangladesh often design programs whose objective is to drive brand awareness and customer reach. But how that 30 point increase in brand awareness or 10 point increase in customer touch points will result into shareholders’ value is not specified.

To overcome such scenarios managers at Quadir Bangladesh needs to not only know the financial aspect of project management but also needs to have tools to integrate them into part of the project development and monitoring plan.

Calculating Net Present Value (NPV) at 15%

After working through various assumptions we reached a conclusion that risk is far higher than 6%. In a reasonably stable industry with weak competition - 15% discount rate can be a good benchmark.



Years              Cash Flow     Net Cash Flow     Cumulative    
Cash Flow
Discount Rate
@ 15 %
Discounted
Cash Flows
Year 0 (10015882) -10015882 - -
Year 1 3465760 -6550122 3465760 0.8696 3013704
Year 2 3967755 -2582367 7433515 0.7561 3000193
Year 3 3953479 1371112 11386994 0.6575 2599477
Year 4 3234543 4605655 14621537 0.5718 1849360
TOTAL 10462734


The Net NPV after 4 years is 446852

(10462734 - 10015882 )








Calculating Net Present Value (NPV) at 20%


If the risk component is high in the industry then we should go for a higher hurdle rate / discount rate of 20%.

Years              Cash Flow     Net Cash Flow     Cumulative    
Cash Flow
Discount Rate
@ 20 %
Discounted
Cash Flows
Year 0 (10015882) -10015882 - -
Year 1 3465760 -6550122 3465760 0.8333 2888133
Year 2 3967755 -2582367 7433515 0.6944 2755385
Year 3 3953479 1371112 11386994 0.5787 2287893
Year 4 3234543 4605655 14621537 0.4823 1559868
TOTAL 9491280


The Net NPV after 4 years is -524602

At 20% discount rate the NPV is negative (9491280 - 10015882 ) so ideally we can't select the project if macro and micro factors don't allow financial managers of Quadir Bangladesh to discount cash flow at lower discount rates such as 15%.





Acceptance Criteria of a Project based on NPV

Simplest Approach – If the investment project of Quadir Bangladesh has a NPV value higher than Zero then finance managers at Quadir Bangladesh can ACCEPT the project, otherwise they can reject the project. This means that project will deliver higher returns over the period of time than any alternate investment strategy.

In theory if the required rate of return or discount rate is chosen correctly by finance managers at Quadir Bangladesh, then the stock price of the Quadir Bangladesh should change by same amount of the NPV. In real world we know that share price also reflects various other factors that can be related to both macro and micro environment.

In the same vein – accepting the project with zero NPV should result in stagnant share price. Finance managers use discount rates as a measure of risk components in the project execution process.

Sensitivity Analysis

Project selection is often a far more complex decision than just choosing it based on the NPV number. Finance managers at Quadir Bangladesh should conduct a sensitivity analysis to better understand not only the inherent risk of the projects but also how those risks can be either factored in or mitigated during the project execution. Sensitivity analysis helps in –

Understanding of risks involved in the project.

What are the uncertainties surrounding the project Initial Cash Outlay (ICO’s). ICO’s often have several different components such as land, machinery, building, and other equipment.

What are the key aspects of the projects that need to be monitored, refined, and retuned for continuous delivery of projected cash flows.

What will be a multi year spillover effect of various taxation regulations.

What can impact the cash flow of the project.

Some of the assumptions while using the Discounted Cash Flow Methods –

Projects are assumed to be Mutually Exclusive – This is seldom the came in modern day giant organizations where projects are often inter-related and rejecting a project solely based on NPV can result in sunk cost from a related project.

Independent projects have independent cash flows – As explained in the marketing project – though the project may look independent but in reality it is not as the brand awareness project can be closely associated with the spending on sales promotions and product specific advertising.






Negotiation Strategy of Looking for Opportunity in Adversity: Iqbal Quadir and Grameenphone (A)

References & Further Readings

Bhaskar Chakravorti, David Lane (2018), "Looking for Opportunity in Adversity: Iqbal Quadir and Grameenphone (A) Harvard Business Review Case Study. Published by HBR Publications.


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