Hotel Vertu: Financing the Venture in the Boutique Hotel Industry Net Present Value (NPV) / MBA Resources

Introduction to Net Present Value (NPV) - What is Net Present Value (NPV) ? How it impacts financial decisions regarding project management?

NPV solution for Hotel Vertu: Financing the Venture in the Boutique Hotel Industry case study

At Oak Spring University, we provide corporate level professional Net Present Value (NPV) case study solution. Hotel Vertu: Financing the Venture in the Boutique Hotel Industry case study is a Harvard Business School (HBR) case study written by Howard H. Stevenson, Michael J. Roberts. The Hotel Vertu: Financing the Venture in the Boutique Hotel Industry (referred as “Hotel Vertu” from here on) case study provides evaluation & decision scenario in field of Innovation & Entrepreneurship. It also touches upon business topics such as - Value proposition, Financial analysis, Growth strategy, Joint ventures, Negotiations, Strategic planning.

The net present value (NPV) of an investment proposal is the present value of the proposal’s net cash flows less the proposal’s initial cash outflow. If a project’s NPV is greater than or equal to zero, the project should be accepted.

NPV = Present Value of Future Cash Flows LESS Project’s Initial Investment

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Case Description of Hotel Vertu: Financing the Venture in the Boutique Hotel Industry Case Study

Two recent MBA graduates are considering a business opportunity in the boutique hotel industry. Having found a seemingly attractive property in Savannah, Georgia, Yvonne D'Arcy and Elisabeth Whiting face questions about financing, deal structure, and unequal power dynamics. This case covers opportunity analysis, financing and deal structuring, and partnership issues. Students are asked to assess the overall financial returns on the project and how those returns should be parsed between investors and owners. Students also examine how the deal with investors should be structured. Exhibits include a Letter of Agreement between the founders, the hotel's historical performance data, the project budget, financial forecasts, and cash flow and return projections. The HBS Brief Case series contains two cases on Hotel Vertu. Both cases are set within the same disguised context, but take place two months apart. The earlier case, Hotel Vertu: Analyzing the Opportunity in the Boutique Hotel Industry (917-501) overlaps with this case, but focuses more on the nature of the opportunity itself, an industry analysis of the boutique hotel segment, issues related to early career entrepreneurship, and only hints at the power dynamic between investors and entrepreneurs. Although each case can be taught on its own (i.e., students do not require data or knowledge from one case in order to benefit fully from the other), the two can be paired in order to give students a more complete sense of the challenges that aspiring entrepreneurs may face. If both cases are taught, it is recommended that instructors begin with Hotel Vertu: Analyzing the Opportunity in the Boutique Hotel Industry.

Case Authors : Howard H. Stevenson, Michael J. Roberts

Topic : Innovation & Entrepreneurship

Related Areas : Financial analysis, Growth strategy, Joint ventures, Negotiations, Strategic planning

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Calculating Net Present Value (NPV) at 6% for Hotel Vertu: Financing the Venture in the Boutique Hotel Industry Case Study

Years	Cash Flow	Net Cash Flow	Cumulative     Cash Flow	Discount Rate @ 6 %	Discounted Cash Flows
Year 0	(10003276)	-10003276	-	-
Year 1	3463134	-6540142	3463134	0.9434	3267108
Year 2	3959398	-2580744	7422532	0.89	3523850
Year 3	3954443	1373699	11376975	0.8396	3320227
Year 4	3241772	4615471	14618747	0.7921	2567787
TOTAL			14618747		12678971

The Net Present Value at 6% discount rate is 2675695

In isolation the NPV number doesn't mean much but put in right context then it is one of the best method to evaluate project returns. In this article we will cover -

Different methods of capital budgeting

What is NPV & Formula of NPV,
How it is calculated,
How to use NPV number for project evaluation, and
Scenario Planning given risks and management priorities.

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Capital Budgeting Approaches

Methods of Capital Budgeting

There are four types of capital budgeting techniques that are widely used in the corporate world –

1. Net Present Value
2. Profitability Index
3. Internal Rate of Return
4. Payback Period

Apart from the Payback period method which is an additive method, rest of the methods are based on Discounted Cash Flow technique. Even though cash flow can be calculated based on the nature of the project, for the simplicity of the article we are assuming that all the expected cash flows are realized at the end of the year.

Discounted Cash Flow approaches provide a more objective basis for evaluating and selecting investment projects. They take into consideration both –

1. Magnitude of both incoming and outgoing cash flows – Projects can be capital intensive, time intensive, or both. Hotel Vertu shareholders have preference for diversified projects investment rather than prospective high income from a single capital intensive project.
2. Timing of the expected cash flows – stockholders of Hotel Vertu have higher preference for cash returns over 4-5 years rather than 10-15 years given the nature of the volatility in the industry.

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Formula and Steps to Calculate Net Present Value (NPV) of Hotel Vertu: Financing the Venture in the Boutique Hotel Industry

NPV = Net Cash In Flowt1 / (1+r)t1 + Net Cash In Flowt2 / (1+r)t2 + … Net Cash In Flowtn / (1+r)tn
Less Net Cash Out Flowt0 / (1+r)t0

Where t = time period, in this case year 1, year 2 and so on.
r = discount rate or return that could be earned using other safe proposition such as fixed deposit or treasury bond rate. Net Cash In Flow – What the firm will get each year.
Net Cash Out Flow – What the firm needs to invest initially in the project.

Step 1 – Understand the nature of the project and calculate cash flow for each year.
Step 2 – Discount those cash flow based on the discount rate.
Step 3 – Add all the discounted cash flow.
Step 4 – Selection of the project

Why Innovation & Entrepreneurship Managers need to know Financial Tools such as Net Present Value (NPV)?

In our daily workplace we often come across people and colleagues who are just focused on their core competency and targets they have to deliver. For example marketing managers at Hotel Vertu often design programs whose objective is to drive brand awareness and customer reach. But how that 30 point increase in brand awareness or 10 point increase in customer touch points will result into shareholders’ value is not specified.

To overcome such scenarios managers at Hotel Vertu needs to not only know the financial aspect of project management but also needs to have tools to integrate them into part of the project development and monitoring plan.

Calculating Net Present Value (NPV) at 15%

After working through various assumptions we reached a conclusion that risk is far higher than 6%. In a reasonably stable industry with weak competition - 15% discount rate can be a good benchmark.

Years	Cash Flow	Net Cash Flow	Cumulative     Cash Flow	Discount Rate @ 15 %	Discounted Cash Flows
Year 0	(10003276)	-10003276	-	-
Year 1	3463134	-6540142	3463134	0.8696	3011421
Year 2	3959398	-2580744	7422532	0.7561	2993874
Year 3	3954443	1373699	11376975	0.6575	2600110
Year 4	3241772	4615471	14618747	0.5718	1853494
TOTAL					10458899

The Net NPV after 4 years is 455623

(10458899 - 10003276 )

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Calculating Net Present Value (NPV) at 20%

If the risk component is high in the industry then we should go for a higher hurdle rate / discount rate of 20%.

Years	Cash Flow	Net Cash Flow	Cumulative     Cash Flow	Discount Rate @ 20 %	Discounted Cash Flows
Year 0	(10003276)	-10003276	-	-
Year 1	3463134	-6540142	3463134	0.8333	2885945
Year 2	3959398	-2580744	7422532	0.6944	2749582
Year 3	3954443	1373699	11376975	0.5787	2288451
Year 4	3241772	4615471	14618747	0.4823	1563355
TOTAL					9487332

The Net NPV after 4 years is -515944

At 20% discount rate the NPV is negative (9487332 - 10003276 ) so ideally we can't select the project if macro and micro factors don't allow financial managers of Hotel Vertu to discount cash flow at lower discount rates such as 15%.

Acceptance Criteria of a Project based on NPV

Simplest Approach – If the investment project of Hotel Vertu has a NPV value higher than Zero then finance managers at Hotel Vertu can ACCEPT the project, otherwise they can reject the project. This means that project will deliver higher returns over the period of time than any alternate investment strategy.

In theory if the required rate of return or discount rate is chosen correctly by finance managers at Hotel Vertu, then the stock price of the Hotel Vertu should change by same amount of the NPV. In real world we know that share price also reflects various other factors that can be related to both macro and micro environment.

In the same vein – accepting the project with zero NPV should result in stagnant share price. Finance managers use discount rates as a measure of risk components in the project execution process.

Sensitivity Analysis

Project selection is often a far more complex decision than just choosing it based on the NPV number. Finance managers at Hotel Vertu should conduct a sensitivity analysis to better understand not only the inherent risk of the projects but also how those risks can be either factored in or mitigated during the project execution. Sensitivity analysis helps in –

What are the uncertainties surrounding the project Initial Cash Outlay (ICO’s). ICO’s often have several different components such as land, machinery, building, and other equipment.

What can impact the cash flow of the project.

What will be a multi year spillover effect of various taxation regulations.

What are the key aspects of the projects that need to be monitored, refined, and retuned for continuous delivery of projected cash flows.

Understanding of risks involved in the project.

Some of the assumptions while using the Discounted Cash Flow Methods –

Projects are assumed to be Mutually Exclusive – This is seldom the came in modern day giant organizations where projects are often inter-related and rejecting a project solely based on NPV can result in sunk cost from a related project.

Independent projects have independent cash flows – As explained in the marketing project – though the project may look independent but in reality it is not as the brand awareness project can be closely associated with the spending on sales promotions and product specific advertising.

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Negotiation Strategy of Hotel Vertu: Financing the Venture in the Boutique Hotel Industry

References & Further Readings

Howard H. Stevenson, Michael J. Roberts (2018), "Hotel Vertu: Financing the Venture in the Boutique Hotel Industry Harvard Business Review Case Study. Published by HBR Publications.