Gray Security: Building a South African Services Firm Net Present Value (NPV) / MBA Resources

Introduction to Net Present Value (NPV) - What is Net Present Value (NPV) ? How it impacts financial decisions regarding project management?

NPV solution for Gray Security: Building a South African Services Firm case study

At Oak Spring University, we provide corporate level professional Net Present Value (NPV) case study solution. Gray Security: Building a South African Services Firm case study is a Harvard Business School (HBR) case study written by Walter Kuemmerle, Chad Ellis, William J. Coughlin. The Gray Security: Building a South African Services Firm (referred as “South Gray” from here on) case study provides evaluation & decision scenario in field of Innovation & Entrepreneurship. It also touches upon business topics such as - Value proposition, Financial markets, Globalization, IPO, Supply chain.

The net present value (NPV) of an investment proposal is the present value of the proposal’s net cash flows less the proposal’s initial cash outflow. If a project’s NPV is greater than or equal to zero, the project should be accepted.

NPV = Present Value of Future Cash Flows LESS Project’s Initial Investment

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Case Description of Gray Security: Building a South African Services Firm Case Study

Describes Gray Security Services, an entrepreneurial South African firm that has recently gone through a financial restructuring with the help of Brait Capital Partners, a private equity firm. Gray provides complete security services to companies in South Africa, other African countries, and some parts of Europe. Many of Gray's clients are multinational firms. Gray is currently considering an IPO in South Africa as well as further international expansion. At this point, Dick Aubin, cofounder and chairman of the firm, faces a number of important questions regarding the firm's financing and directions for future growth. Offers an opportunity to analyze the private equity investment by Brait and the prospects of an IPO in South Africa. Also allows for a discussion about strategic choices regarding international expansion by a South African firm during a time of change in South Africa.

Case Authors : Walter Kuemmerle, Chad Ellis, William J. Coughlin

Topic : Innovation & Entrepreneurship

Related Areas : Financial markets, Globalization, IPO, Supply chain

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Calculating Net Present Value (NPV) at 6% for Gray Security: Building a South African Services Firm Case Study

Years	Cash Flow	Net Cash Flow	Cumulative     Cash Flow	Discount Rate @ 6 %	Discounted Cash Flows
Year 0	(10000022)	-10000022	-	-
Year 1	3466304	-6533718	3466304	0.9434	3270098
Year 2	3958463	-2575255	7424767	0.89	3523018
Year 3	3954112	1378857	11378879	0.8396	3319949
Year 4	3223776	4602633	14602655	0.7921	2553533
TOTAL			14602655		12666597

The Net Present Value at 6% discount rate is 2666575

In isolation the NPV number doesn't mean much but put in right context then it is one of the best method to evaluate project returns. In this article we will cover -

Different methods of capital budgeting

What is NPV & Formula of NPV,
How it is calculated,
How to use NPV number for project evaluation, and
Scenario Planning given risks and management priorities.

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Capital Budgeting Approaches

Methods of Capital Budgeting

There are four types of capital budgeting techniques that are widely used in the corporate world –

1. Internal Rate of Return
2. Payback Period
3. Net Present Value
4. Profitability Index

Apart from the Payback period method which is an additive method, rest of the methods are based on Discounted Cash Flow technique. Even though cash flow can be calculated based on the nature of the project, for the simplicity of the article we are assuming that all the expected cash flows are realized at the end of the year.

Discounted Cash Flow approaches provide a more objective basis for evaluating and selecting investment projects. They take into consideration both –

1. Magnitude of both incoming and outgoing cash flows – Projects can be capital intensive, time intensive, or both. South Gray shareholders have preference for diversified projects investment rather than prospective high income from a single capital intensive project.
2. Timing of the expected cash flows – stockholders of South Gray have higher preference for cash returns over 4-5 years rather than 10-15 years given the nature of the volatility in the industry.

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Formula and Steps to Calculate Net Present Value (NPV) of Gray Security: Building a South African Services Firm

NPV = Net Cash In Flowt1 / (1+r)t1 + Net Cash In Flowt2 / (1+r)t2 + … Net Cash In Flowtn / (1+r)tn
Less Net Cash Out Flowt0 / (1+r)t0

Where t = time period, in this case year 1, year 2 and so on.
r = discount rate or return that could be earned using other safe proposition such as fixed deposit or treasury bond rate. Net Cash In Flow – What the firm will get each year.
Net Cash Out Flow – What the firm needs to invest initially in the project.

Step 1 – Understand the nature of the project and calculate cash flow for each year.
Step 2 – Discount those cash flow based on the discount rate.
Step 3 – Add all the discounted cash flow.
Step 4 – Selection of the project

Why Innovation & Entrepreneurship Managers need to know Financial Tools such as Net Present Value (NPV)?

In our daily workplace we often come across people and colleagues who are just focused on their core competency and targets they have to deliver. For example marketing managers at South Gray often design programs whose objective is to drive brand awareness and customer reach. But how that 30 point increase in brand awareness or 10 point increase in customer touch points will result into shareholders’ value is not specified.

To overcome such scenarios managers at South Gray needs to not only know the financial aspect of project management but also needs to have tools to integrate them into part of the project development and monitoring plan.

Calculating Net Present Value (NPV) at 15%

After working through various assumptions we reached a conclusion that risk is far higher than 6%. In a reasonably stable industry with weak competition - 15% discount rate can be a good benchmark.

Years	Cash Flow	Net Cash Flow	Cumulative     Cash Flow	Discount Rate @ 15 %	Discounted Cash Flows
Year 0	(10000022)	-10000022	-	-
Year 1	3466304	-6533718	3466304	0.8696	3014177
Year 2	3958463	-2575255	7424767	0.7561	2993167
Year 3	3954112	1378857	11378879	0.6575	2599893
Year 4	3223776	4602633	14602655	0.5718	1843204
TOTAL					10450441

The Net NPV after 4 years is 450419

(10450441 - 10000022 )

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Calculating Net Present Value (NPV) at 20%

If the risk component is high in the industry then we should go for a higher hurdle rate / discount rate of 20%.

Years	Cash Flow	Net Cash Flow	Cumulative     Cash Flow	Discount Rate @ 20 %	Discounted Cash Flows
Year 0	(10000022)	-10000022	-	-
Year 1	3466304	-6533718	3466304	0.8333	2888587
Year 2	3958463	-2575255	7424767	0.6944	2748933
Year 3	3954112	1378857	11378879	0.5787	2288259
Year 4	3223776	4602633	14602655	0.4823	1554676
TOTAL					9480454

The Net NPV after 4 years is -519568

At 20% discount rate the NPV is negative (9480454 - 10000022 ) so ideally we can't select the project if macro and micro factors don't allow financial managers of South Gray to discount cash flow at lower discount rates such as 15%.

Acceptance Criteria of a Project based on NPV

Simplest Approach – If the investment project of South Gray has a NPV value higher than Zero then finance managers at South Gray can ACCEPT the project, otherwise they can reject the project. This means that project will deliver higher returns over the period of time than any alternate investment strategy.

In theory if the required rate of return or discount rate is chosen correctly by finance managers at South Gray, then the stock price of the South Gray should change by same amount of the NPV. In real world we know that share price also reflects various other factors that can be related to both macro and micro environment.

In the same vein – accepting the project with zero NPV should result in stagnant share price. Finance managers use discount rates as a measure of risk components in the project execution process.

Sensitivity Analysis

Project selection is often a far more complex decision than just choosing it based on the NPV number. Finance managers at South Gray should conduct a sensitivity analysis to better understand not only the inherent risk of the projects but also how those risks can be either factored in or mitigated during the project execution. Sensitivity analysis helps in –

What can impact the cash flow of the project.

What are the uncertainties surrounding the project Initial Cash Outlay (ICO’s). ICO’s often have several different components such as land, machinery, building, and other equipment.

What are the key aspects of the projects that need to be monitored, refined, and retuned for continuous delivery of projected cash flows.

Understanding of risks involved in the project.

What will be a multi year spillover effect of various taxation regulations.

Some of the assumptions while using the Discounted Cash Flow Methods –

Projects are assumed to be Mutually Exclusive – This is seldom the came in modern day giant organizations where projects are often inter-related and rejecting a project solely based on NPV can result in sunk cost from a related project.

Independent projects have independent cash flows – As explained in the marketing project – though the project may look independent but in reality it is not as the brand awareness project can be closely associated with the spending on sales promotions and product specific advertising.

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Negotiation Strategy of Gray Security: Building a South African Services Firm

References & Further Readings

Walter Kuemmerle, Chad Ellis, William J. Coughlin (2018), "Gray Security: Building a South African Services Firm Harvard Business Review Case Study. Published by HBR Publications.