Partnerships Victoria: The Public Sector Comparator Net Present Value (NPV) / MBA Resources

Introduction to Net Present Value (NPV) - What is Net Present Value (NPV) ? How it impacts financial decisions regarding project management?

NPV solution for Partnerships Victoria: The Public Sector Comparator case study

At Oak Spring University, we provide corporate level professional Net Present Value (NPV) case study solution. Partnerships Victoria: The Public Sector Comparator case study is a Harvard Business School (HBR) case study written by Ian Davidoff, Jose Gomez-Ibanez. The Partnerships Victoria: The Public Sector Comparator (referred as “Ppp Ppps” from here on) case study provides evaluation & decision scenario in field of Leadership & Managing People. It also touches upon business topics such as - Value proposition, Financial management, International business, Joint ventures, Policy, Project management.

The net present value (NPV) of an investment proposal is the present value of the proposal’s net cash flows less the proposal’s initial cash outflow. If a project’s NPV is greater than or equal to zero, the project should be accepted.

NPV = Present Value of Future Cash Flows LESS Project’s Initial Investment

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Case Description of Partnerships Victoria: The Public Sector Comparator Case Study

The government of the State of Victoria in Australia has been a pioneer in using the private sector to provide public infrastructure through "public-private partnerships" (PPPs). Under PPP programs the government contracts with a private company not just to build a facility but to operate it over its expected life, as well. PPPs are used for "social" infrastructure such as courthouses and hospitals as well as for "economic" infrastructure such as toll roads or public transport. The Department of Treasury required that agencies pursuing a PPP demonstrate that the PPP would save money compared to traditional procurement options. But critics argued that the Treasury's guidelines for such cost comparisons were flawed. The debate raised issues about how to compare the risks assumed by the government under different procurement options and how the differences in risks should be reflected in the discount rates. HKS Case Number 1822.0

Case Authors : Ian Davidoff, Jose Gomez-Ibanez

Topic : Leadership & Managing People

Related Areas : Financial management, International business, Joint ventures, Policy, Project management

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Calculating Net Present Value (NPV) at 6% for Partnerships Victoria: The Public Sector Comparator Case Study

Years	Cash Flow	Net Cash Flow	Cumulative     Cash Flow	Discount Rate @ 6 %	Discounted Cash Flows
Year 0	(10017775)	-10017775	-	-
Year 1	3466016	-6551759	3466016	0.9434	3269826
Year 2	3959747	-2592012	7425763	0.89	3524161
Year 3	3936553	1344541	11362316	0.8396	3305206
Year 4	3242863	4587404	14605179	0.7921	2568651
TOTAL			14605179		12667844

The Net Present Value at 6% discount rate is 2650069

In isolation the NPV number doesn't mean much but put in right context then it is one of the best method to evaluate project returns. In this article we will cover -

Different methods of capital budgeting

What is NPV & Formula of NPV,
How it is calculated,
How to use NPV number for project evaluation, and
Scenario Planning given risks and management priorities.

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Capital Budgeting Approaches

Methods of Capital Budgeting

There are four types of capital budgeting techniques that are widely used in the corporate world –

1. Net Present Value
2. Profitability Index
3. Internal Rate of Return
4. Payback Period

Apart from the Payback period method which is an additive method, rest of the methods are based on Discounted Cash Flow technique. Even though cash flow can be calculated based on the nature of the project, for the simplicity of the article we are assuming that all the expected cash flows are realized at the end of the year.

Discounted Cash Flow approaches provide a more objective basis for evaluating and selecting investment projects. They take into consideration both –

1. Timing of the expected cash flows – stockholders of Ppp Ppps have higher preference for cash returns over 4-5 years rather than 10-15 years given the nature of the volatility in the industry.
2. Magnitude of both incoming and outgoing cash flows – Projects can be capital intensive, time intensive, or both. Ppp Ppps shareholders have preference for diversified projects investment rather than prospective high income from a single capital intensive project.

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Formula and Steps to Calculate Net Present Value (NPV) of Partnerships Victoria: The Public Sector Comparator

NPV = Net Cash In Flowt1 / (1+r)t1 + Net Cash In Flowt2 / (1+r)t2 + … Net Cash In Flowtn / (1+r)tn
Less Net Cash Out Flowt0 / (1+r)t0

Where t = time period, in this case year 1, year 2 and so on.
r = discount rate or return that could be earned using other safe proposition such as fixed deposit or treasury bond rate. Net Cash In Flow – What the firm will get each year.
Net Cash Out Flow – What the firm needs to invest initially in the project.

Step 1 – Understand the nature of the project and calculate cash flow for each year.
Step 2 – Discount those cash flow based on the discount rate.
Step 3 – Add all the discounted cash flow.
Step 4 – Selection of the project

Why Leadership & Managing People Managers need to know Financial Tools such as Net Present Value (NPV)?

In our daily workplace we often come across people and colleagues who are just focused on their core competency and targets they have to deliver. For example marketing managers at Ppp Ppps often design programs whose objective is to drive brand awareness and customer reach. But how that 30 point increase in brand awareness or 10 point increase in customer touch points will result into shareholders’ value is not specified.

To overcome such scenarios managers at Ppp Ppps needs to not only know the financial aspect of project management but also needs to have tools to integrate them into part of the project development and monitoring plan.

Calculating Net Present Value (NPV) at 15%

After working through various assumptions we reached a conclusion that risk is far higher than 6%. In a reasonably stable industry with weak competition - 15% discount rate can be a good benchmark.

Years	Cash Flow	Net Cash Flow	Cumulative     Cash Flow	Discount Rate @ 15 %	Discounted Cash Flows
Year 0	(10017775)	-10017775	-	-
Year 1	3466016	-6551759	3466016	0.8696	3013927
Year 2	3959747	-2592012	7425763	0.7561	2994138
Year 3	3936553	1344541	11362316	0.6575	2588347
Year 4	3242863	4587404	14605179	0.5718	1854117
TOTAL					10450530

The Net NPV after 4 years is 432755

(10450530 - 10017775 )

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Calculating Net Present Value (NPV) at 20%

If the risk component is high in the industry then we should go for a higher hurdle rate / discount rate of 20%.

Years	Cash Flow	Net Cash Flow	Cumulative     Cash Flow	Discount Rate @ 20 %	Discounted Cash Flows
Year 0	(10017775)	-10017775	-	-
Year 1	3466016	-6551759	3466016	0.8333	2888347
Year 2	3959747	-2592012	7425763	0.6944	2749824
Year 3	3936553	1344541	11362316	0.5787	2278098
Year 4	3242863	4587404	14605179	0.4823	1563881
TOTAL					9480149

The Net NPV after 4 years is -537626

At 20% discount rate the NPV is negative (9480149 - 10017775 ) so ideally we can't select the project if macro and micro factors don't allow financial managers of Ppp Ppps to discount cash flow at lower discount rates such as 15%.

Acceptance Criteria of a Project based on NPV

Simplest Approach – If the investment project of Ppp Ppps has a NPV value higher than Zero then finance managers at Ppp Ppps can ACCEPT the project, otherwise they can reject the project. This means that project will deliver higher returns over the period of time than any alternate investment strategy.

In theory if the required rate of return or discount rate is chosen correctly by finance managers at Ppp Ppps, then the stock price of the Ppp Ppps should change by same amount of the NPV. In real world we know that share price also reflects various other factors that can be related to both macro and micro environment.

In the same vein – accepting the project with zero NPV should result in stagnant share price. Finance managers use discount rates as a measure of risk components in the project execution process.

Sensitivity Analysis

Project selection is often a far more complex decision than just choosing it based on the NPV number. Finance managers at Ppp Ppps should conduct a sensitivity analysis to better understand not only the inherent risk of the projects but also how those risks can be either factored in or mitigated during the project execution. Sensitivity analysis helps in –

Understanding of risks involved in the project.

What are the key aspects of the projects that need to be monitored, refined, and retuned for continuous delivery of projected cash flows.

What are the uncertainties surrounding the project Initial Cash Outlay (ICO’s). ICO’s often have several different components such as land, machinery, building, and other equipment.

What can impact the cash flow of the project.

What will be a multi year spillover effect of various taxation regulations.

Some of the assumptions while using the Discounted Cash Flow Methods –

Projects are assumed to be Mutually Exclusive – This is seldom the came in modern day giant organizations where projects are often inter-related and rejecting a project solely based on NPV can result in sunk cost from a related project.

Independent projects have independent cash flows – As explained in the marketing project – though the project may look independent but in reality it is not as the brand awareness project can be closely associated with the spending on sales promotions and product specific advertising.

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Negotiation Strategy of Partnerships Victoria: The Public Sector Comparator

References & Further Readings

Ian Davidoff, Jose Gomez-Ibanez (2018), "Partnerships Victoria: The Public Sector Comparator Harvard Business Review Case Study. Published by HBR Publications.