Child in Need Institute: Non-Profit or Hybrid? Net Present Value (NPV) / MBA Resources

Introduction to Net Present Value (NPV) - What is Net Present Value (NPV) ? How it impacts financial decisions regarding project management?

NPV solution for Child in Need Institute: Non-Profit or Hybrid? case study

At Oak Spring University, we provide corporate level professional Net Present Value (NPV) case study solution. Child in Need Institute: Non-Profit or Hybrid? case study is a Harvard Business School (HBR) case study written by Anjan Ghosh, Sougata Ray, Indranil Biswas. The Child in Need Institute: Non-Profit or Hybrid? (referred as “Cini Child” from here on) case study provides evaluation & decision scenario in field of Leadership & Managing People. It also touches upon business topics such as - Value proposition, Strategy.

The net present value (NPV) of an investment proposal is the present value of the proposal’s net cash flows less the proposal’s initial cash outflow. If a project’s NPV is greater than or equal to zero, the project should be accepted.

NPV = Present Value of Future Cash Flows LESS Project’s Initial Investment

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Case Description of Child in Need Institute: Non-Profit or Hybrid? Case Study

In February 2009, the additional director at the Child In Need Institute (CINI) received the most challenging assignment that CINI's board of governors had ever given him - to prepare a comprehensive proposal recommending whether the organization should continue as a non-government organization (NGO) driven primarily by donations and grants, or should venture into social business. He had a month to give his recommendations. CINI was a reputable 37-year-old NGO from Kolkata (Calcutta), India, with a mission of "sustainable development in education, protection, health and nutrition of child, adolescent and woman in need." Over the years, CINI had fought child malnutrition through health clinics and educating mothers, and had provided shelters and a path to betterment for street children. Despite recognition at CINI that donor funding was becoming scarce, any proposed social business was controversial because it ran the risk of alienating existing donors and replacing CINI's existing purpose with a profit motive. This case has global relevance, as the challenges that CINI met in 2009 are faced by thousands of social enterprises across the world. Authors Anjan Ghosh, Sougata Ray, and Indranil Biswas are affiliated with Indian Institute of Management Calcutta

Case Authors : Anjan Ghosh, Sougata Ray, Indranil Biswas

Topic : Leadership & Managing People

Related Areas : Strategy

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Calculating Net Present Value (NPV) at 6% for Child in Need Institute: Non-Profit or Hybrid? Case Study

Years	Cash Flow	Net Cash Flow	Cumulative     Cash Flow	Discount Rate @ 6 %	Discounted Cash Flows
Year 0	(10025501)	-10025501	-	-
Year 1	3462098	-6563403	3462098	0.9434	3266130
Year 2	3960599	-2602804	7422697	0.89	3524919
Year 3	3958585	1355781	11381282	0.8396	3323704
Year 4	3251802	4607583	14633084	0.7921	2575732
TOTAL			14633084		12690485

The Net Present Value at 6% discount rate is 2664984

In isolation the NPV number doesn't mean much but put in right context then it is one of the best method to evaluate project returns. In this article we will cover -

Different methods of capital budgeting

What is NPV & Formula of NPV,
How it is calculated,
How to use NPV number for project evaluation, and
Scenario Planning given risks and management priorities.

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Capital Budgeting Approaches

Methods of Capital Budgeting

There are four types of capital budgeting techniques that are widely used in the corporate world –

1. Profitability Index
2. Net Present Value
3. Payback Period
4. Internal Rate of Return

Apart from the Payback period method which is an additive method, rest of the methods are based on Discounted Cash Flow technique. Even though cash flow can be calculated based on the nature of the project, for the simplicity of the article we are assuming that all the expected cash flows are realized at the end of the year.

Discounted Cash Flow approaches provide a more objective basis for evaluating and selecting investment projects. They take into consideration both –

1. Magnitude of both incoming and outgoing cash flows – Projects can be capital intensive, time intensive, or both. Cini Child shareholders have preference for diversified projects investment rather than prospective high income from a single capital intensive project.
2. Timing of the expected cash flows – stockholders of Cini Child have higher preference for cash returns over 4-5 years rather than 10-15 years given the nature of the volatility in the industry.

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Formula and Steps to Calculate Net Present Value (NPV) of Child in Need Institute: Non-Profit or Hybrid?

NPV = Net Cash In Flowt1 / (1+r)t1 + Net Cash In Flowt2 / (1+r)t2 + … Net Cash In Flowtn / (1+r)tn
Less Net Cash Out Flowt0 / (1+r)t0

Where t = time period, in this case year 1, year 2 and so on.
r = discount rate or return that could be earned using other safe proposition such as fixed deposit or treasury bond rate. Net Cash In Flow – What the firm will get each year.
Net Cash Out Flow – What the firm needs to invest initially in the project.

Step 1 – Understand the nature of the project and calculate cash flow for each year.
Step 2 – Discount those cash flow based on the discount rate.
Step 3 – Add all the discounted cash flow.
Step 4 – Selection of the project

Why Leadership & Managing People Managers need to know Financial Tools such as Net Present Value (NPV)?

In our daily workplace we often come across people and colleagues who are just focused on their core competency and targets they have to deliver. For example marketing managers at Cini Child often design programs whose objective is to drive brand awareness and customer reach. But how that 30 point increase in brand awareness or 10 point increase in customer touch points will result into shareholders’ value is not specified.

To overcome such scenarios managers at Cini Child needs to not only know the financial aspect of project management but also needs to have tools to integrate them into part of the project development and monitoring plan.

Calculating Net Present Value (NPV) at 15%

After working through various assumptions we reached a conclusion that risk is far higher than 6%. In a reasonably stable industry with weak competition - 15% discount rate can be a good benchmark.

Years	Cash Flow	Net Cash Flow	Cumulative     Cash Flow	Discount Rate @ 15 %	Discounted Cash Flows
Year 0	(10025501)	-10025501	-	-
Year 1	3462098	-6563403	3462098	0.8696	3010520
Year 2	3960599	-2602804	7422697	0.7561	2994782
Year 3	3958585	1355781	11381282	0.6575	2602834
Year 4	3251802	4607583	14633084	0.5718	1859228
TOTAL					10467364

The Net NPV after 4 years is 441863

(10467364 - 10025501 )

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Calculating Net Present Value (NPV) at 20%

If the risk component is high in the industry then we should go for a higher hurdle rate / discount rate of 20%.

Years	Cash Flow	Net Cash Flow	Cumulative     Cash Flow	Discount Rate @ 20 %	Discounted Cash Flows
Year 0	(10025501)	-10025501	-	-
Year 1	3462098	-6563403	3462098	0.8333	2885082
Year 2	3960599	-2602804	7422697	0.6944	2750416
Year 3	3958585	1355781	11381282	0.5787	2290848
Year 4	3251802	4607583	14633084	0.4823	1568192
TOTAL					9494537

The Net NPV after 4 years is -530964

At 20% discount rate the NPV is negative (9494537 - 10025501 ) so ideally we can't select the project if macro and micro factors don't allow financial managers of Cini Child to discount cash flow at lower discount rates such as 15%.

Acceptance Criteria of a Project based on NPV

Simplest Approach – If the investment project of Cini Child has a NPV value higher than Zero then finance managers at Cini Child can ACCEPT the project, otherwise they can reject the project. This means that project will deliver higher returns over the period of time than any alternate investment strategy.

In theory if the required rate of return or discount rate is chosen correctly by finance managers at Cini Child, then the stock price of the Cini Child should change by same amount of the NPV. In real world we know that share price also reflects various other factors that can be related to both macro and micro environment.

In the same vein – accepting the project with zero NPV should result in stagnant share price. Finance managers use discount rates as a measure of risk components in the project execution process.

Sensitivity Analysis

Project selection is often a far more complex decision than just choosing it based on the NPV number. Finance managers at Cini Child should conduct a sensitivity analysis to better understand not only the inherent risk of the projects but also how those risks can be either factored in or mitigated during the project execution. Sensitivity analysis helps in –

What will be a multi year spillover effect of various taxation regulations.

Understanding of risks involved in the project.

What can impact the cash flow of the project.

What are the uncertainties surrounding the project Initial Cash Outlay (ICO’s). ICO’s often have several different components such as land, machinery, building, and other equipment.

What are the key aspects of the projects that need to be monitored, refined, and retuned for continuous delivery of projected cash flows.

Some of the assumptions while using the Discounted Cash Flow Methods –

Projects are assumed to be Mutually Exclusive – This is seldom the came in modern day giant organizations where projects are often inter-related and rejecting a project solely based on NPV can result in sunk cost from a related project.

Independent projects have independent cash flows – As explained in the marketing project – though the project may look independent but in reality it is not as the brand awareness project can be closely associated with the spending on sales promotions and product specific advertising.

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Negotiation Strategy of Child in Need Institute: Non-Profit or Hybrid?

References & Further Readings

Anjan Ghosh, Sougata Ray, Indranil Biswas (2018), "Child in Need Institute: Non-Profit or Hybrid? Harvard Business Review Case Study. Published by HBR Publications.