Performance Appraisal at Telespazio: Aligning Strategic Goals to People Development Net Present Value (NPV) / MBA Resources

Introduction to Net Present Value (NPV) - What is Net Present Value (NPV) ? How it impacts financial decisions regarding project management?

NPV solution for Performance Appraisal at Telespazio: Aligning Strategic Goals to People Development case study

At Oak Spring University, we provide corporate level professional Net Present Value (NPV) case study solution. Performance Appraisal at Telespazio: Aligning Strategic Goals to People Development case study is a Harvard Business School (HBR) case study written by Silvia Profili, Alessia Sammarra, Laura Innocenti, Gabriele Gabrielli. The Performance Appraisal at Telespazio: Aligning Strategic Goals to People Development (referred as “Appraisal Telespazio” from here on) case study provides evaluation & decision scenario in field of Leadership & Managing People. It also touches upon business topics such as - Value proposition, Change management, Human resource management, Organizational structure.

The net present value (NPV) of an investment proposal is the present value of the proposal’s net cash flows less the proposal’s initial cash outflow. If a project’s NPV is greater than or equal to zero, the project should be accepted.

NPV = Present Value of Future Cash Flows LESS Project’s Initial Investment

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Case Description of Performance Appraisal at Telespazio: Aligning Strategic Goals to People Development Case Study

Since being incorporated into the Finmeccanica Group, Telespazio has been aligning its personnel policies and practices to those of the parent company. The challenge for the HR team is to foster a strategic and organizational change that will turn a domestic telecommunications firm into a leading global company in satellite solutions and services. The case focuses on the design and implementation of a new performance appraisal system. It starts out with the establishment of a task force to create a new appraisal system from scratch. Next, the case provides a detailed description of the performance appraisal program (What is assessed? Who is in charge? What steps are involved?) and describes the main levers adopted to move from a simple appraisal perspective towards a more multifaceted approach. The case also explains how the system supports the company's shift towards a project-based organization. The first part of the case ends in 2011 when, after six years from the first implementation, the HR team meets to evaluate the results achieved. The strengths and weaknesses of the program are discussed. The second part of the case illustrates the major revisions introduced to the program and brings a new challenge for the HR team: extending the implementation to all of Telespazio's foreign subsidiaries by the end of 2014.

Case Authors : Silvia Profili, Alessia Sammarra, Laura Innocenti, Gabriele Gabrielli

Topic : Leadership & Managing People

Related Areas : Change management, Human resource management, Organizational structure

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Calculating Net Present Value (NPV) at 6% for Performance Appraisal at Telespazio: Aligning Strategic Goals to People Development Case Study

Years	Cash Flow	Net Cash Flow	Cumulative     Cash Flow	Discount Rate @ 6 %	Discounted Cash Flows
Year 0	(10016352)	-10016352	-	-
Year 1	3458323	-6558029	3458323	0.9434	3262569
Year 2	3966196	-2591833	7424519	0.89	3529900
Year 3	3962441	1370608	11386960	0.8396	3326942
Year 4	3232894	4603502	14619854	0.7921	2560755
TOTAL			14619854		12680166

The Net Present Value at 6% discount rate is 2663814

In isolation the NPV number doesn't mean much but put in right context then it is one of the best method to evaluate project returns. In this article we will cover -

Different methods of capital budgeting

What is NPV & Formula of NPV,
How it is calculated,
How to use NPV number for project evaluation, and
Scenario Planning given risks and management priorities.

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Capital Budgeting Approaches

Methods of Capital Budgeting

There are four types of capital budgeting techniques that are widely used in the corporate world –

1. Profitability Index
2. Internal Rate of Return
3. Net Present Value
4. Payback Period

Apart from the Payback period method which is an additive method, rest of the methods are based on Discounted Cash Flow technique. Even though cash flow can be calculated based on the nature of the project, for the simplicity of the article we are assuming that all the expected cash flows are realized at the end of the year.

Discounted Cash Flow approaches provide a more objective basis for evaluating and selecting investment projects. They take into consideration both –

1. Timing of the expected cash flows – stockholders of Appraisal Telespazio have higher preference for cash returns over 4-5 years rather than 10-15 years given the nature of the volatility in the industry.
2. Magnitude of both incoming and outgoing cash flows – Projects can be capital intensive, time intensive, or both. Appraisal Telespazio shareholders have preference for diversified projects investment rather than prospective high income from a single capital intensive project.

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Formula and Steps to Calculate Net Present Value (NPV) of Performance Appraisal at Telespazio: Aligning Strategic Goals to People Development

NPV = Net Cash In Flowt1 / (1+r)t1 + Net Cash In Flowt2 / (1+r)t2 + … Net Cash In Flowtn / (1+r)tn
Less Net Cash Out Flowt0 / (1+r)t0

Where t = time period, in this case year 1, year 2 and so on.
r = discount rate or return that could be earned using other safe proposition such as fixed deposit or treasury bond rate. Net Cash In Flow – What the firm will get each year.
Net Cash Out Flow – What the firm needs to invest initially in the project.

Step 1 – Understand the nature of the project and calculate cash flow for each year.
Step 2 – Discount those cash flow based on the discount rate.
Step 3 – Add all the discounted cash flow.
Step 4 – Selection of the project

Why Leadership & Managing People Managers need to know Financial Tools such as Net Present Value (NPV)?

In our daily workplace we often come across people and colleagues who are just focused on their core competency and targets they have to deliver. For example marketing managers at Appraisal Telespazio often design programs whose objective is to drive brand awareness and customer reach. But how that 30 point increase in brand awareness or 10 point increase in customer touch points will result into shareholders’ value is not specified.

To overcome such scenarios managers at Appraisal Telespazio needs to not only know the financial aspect of project management but also needs to have tools to integrate them into part of the project development and monitoring plan.

Calculating Net Present Value (NPV) at 15%

After working through various assumptions we reached a conclusion that risk is far higher than 6%. In a reasonably stable industry with weak competition - 15% discount rate can be a good benchmark.

Years	Cash Flow	Net Cash Flow	Cumulative     Cash Flow	Discount Rate @ 15 %	Discounted Cash Flows
Year 0	(10016352)	-10016352	-	-
Year 1	3458323	-6558029	3458323	0.8696	3007237
Year 2	3966196	-2591833	7424519	0.7561	2999014
Year 3	3962441	1370608	11386960	0.6575	2605369
Year 4	3232894	4603502	14619854	0.5718	1848418
TOTAL					10460038

The Net NPV after 4 years is 443686

(10460038 - 10016352 )

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Calculating Net Present Value (NPV) at 20%

If the risk component is high in the industry then we should go for a higher hurdle rate / discount rate of 20%.

Years	Cash Flow	Net Cash Flow	Cumulative     Cash Flow	Discount Rate @ 20 %	Discounted Cash Flows
Year 0	(10016352)	-10016352	-	-
Year 1	3458323	-6558029	3458323	0.8333	2881936
Year 2	3966196	-2591833	7424519	0.6944	2754303
Year 3	3962441	1370608	11386960	0.5787	2293079
Year 4	3232894	4603502	14619854	0.4823	1559073
TOTAL					9488391

The Net NPV after 4 years is -527961

At 20% discount rate the NPV is negative (9488391 - 10016352 ) so ideally we can't select the project if macro and micro factors don't allow financial managers of Appraisal Telespazio to discount cash flow at lower discount rates such as 15%.

Acceptance Criteria of a Project based on NPV

Simplest Approach – If the investment project of Appraisal Telespazio has a NPV value higher than Zero then finance managers at Appraisal Telespazio can ACCEPT the project, otherwise they can reject the project. This means that project will deliver higher returns over the period of time than any alternate investment strategy.

In theory if the required rate of return or discount rate is chosen correctly by finance managers at Appraisal Telespazio, then the stock price of the Appraisal Telespazio should change by same amount of the NPV. In real world we know that share price also reflects various other factors that can be related to both macro and micro environment.

In the same vein – accepting the project with zero NPV should result in stagnant share price. Finance managers use discount rates as a measure of risk components in the project execution process.

Sensitivity Analysis

Project selection is often a far more complex decision than just choosing it based on the NPV number. Finance managers at Appraisal Telespazio should conduct a sensitivity analysis to better understand not only the inherent risk of the projects but also how those risks can be either factored in or mitigated during the project execution. Sensitivity analysis helps in –

What can impact the cash flow of the project.

Understanding of risks involved in the project.

What will be a multi year spillover effect of various taxation regulations.

What are the key aspects of the projects that need to be monitored, refined, and retuned for continuous delivery of projected cash flows.

What are the uncertainties surrounding the project Initial Cash Outlay (ICO’s). ICO’s often have several different components such as land, machinery, building, and other equipment.

Some of the assumptions while using the Discounted Cash Flow Methods –

Projects are assumed to be Mutually Exclusive – This is seldom the came in modern day giant organizations where projects are often inter-related and rejecting a project solely based on NPV can result in sunk cost from a related project.

Independent projects have independent cash flows – As explained in the marketing project – though the project may look independent but in reality it is not as the brand awareness project can be closely associated with the spending on sales promotions and product specific advertising.

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Negotiation Strategy of Performance Appraisal at Telespazio: Aligning Strategic Goals to People Development

References & Further Readings

Silvia Profili, Alessia Sammarra, Laura Innocenti, Gabriele Gabrielli (2018), "Performance Appraisal at Telespazio: Aligning Strategic Goals to People Development Harvard Business Review Case Study. Published by HBR Publications.