Team Alchemy: What Happens in the Spaces Between People Net Present Value (NPV) / MBA Resources

Introduction to Net Present Value (NPV) - What is Net Present Value (NPV) ? How it impacts financial decisions regarding project management?

NPV solution for Team Alchemy: What Happens in the Spaces Between People case study

At Oak Spring University, we provide corporate level professional Net Present Value (NPV) case study solution. Team Alchemy: What Happens in the Spaces Between People case study is a Harvard Business School (HBR) case study written by Chelsea Vandiver. The Team Alchemy: What Happens in the Spaces Between People (referred as “Creative Alchemy” from here on) case study provides evaluation & decision scenario in field of Leadership & Managing People. It also touches upon business topics such as - Value proposition, Innovation, Leadership.

The net present value (NPV) of an investment proposal is the present value of the proposal’s net cash flows less the proposal’s initial cash outflow. If a project’s NPV is greater than or equal to zero, the project should be accepted.

NPV = Present Value of Future Cash Flows LESS Project’s Initial Investment

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Case Description of Team Alchemy: What Happens in the Spaces Between People Case Study

Creative insight is crucial to the success of nearly any business, and it's rarely the product of a single mind, no matter how brilliant. The author, a design and innovation strategist at Ziba, describes four key roles that show up in any creative team: Generators, Editors, Makers and Collaborators. She goes on to describe a few combinations of these roles that she and her colleagues have found to be particularly effective in getting to creative solutions.

Case Authors : Chelsea Vandiver

Topic : Leadership & Managing People

Related Areas : Innovation, Leadership

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Calculating Net Present Value (NPV) at 6% for Team Alchemy: What Happens in the Spaces Between People Case Study

Years	Cash Flow	Net Cash Flow	Cumulative     Cash Flow	Discount Rate @ 6 %	Discounted Cash Flows
Year 0	(10015314)	-10015314	-	-
Year 1	3447042	-6568272	3447042	0.9434	3251926
Year 2	3977784	-2590488	7424826	0.89	3540214
Year 3	3955769	1365281	11380595	0.8396	3321340
Year 4	3229005	4594286	14609600	0.7921	2557674
TOTAL			14609600		12671154

The Net Present Value at 6% discount rate is 2655840

In isolation the NPV number doesn't mean much but put in right context then it is one of the best method to evaluate project returns. In this article we will cover -

Different methods of capital budgeting

What is NPV & Formula of NPV,
How it is calculated,
How to use NPV number for project evaluation, and
Scenario Planning given risks and management priorities.

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Capital Budgeting Approaches

Methods of Capital Budgeting

There are four types of capital budgeting techniques that are widely used in the corporate world –

1. Net Present Value
2. Profitability Index
3. Internal Rate of Return
4. Payback Period

Apart from the Payback period method which is an additive method, rest of the methods are based on Discounted Cash Flow technique. Even though cash flow can be calculated based on the nature of the project, for the simplicity of the article we are assuming that all the expected cash flows are realized at the end of the year.

Discounted Cash Flow approaches provide a more objective basis for evaluating and selecting investment projects. They take into consideration both –

1. Timing of the expected cash flows – stockholders of Creative Alchemy have higher preference for cash returns over 4-5 years rather than 10-15 years given the nature of the volatility in the industry.
2. Magnitude of both incoming and outgoing cash flows – Projects can be capital intensive, time intensive, or both. Creative Alchemy shareholders have preference for diversified projects investment rather than prospective high income from a single capital intensive project.

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Formula and Steps to Calculate Net Present Value (NPV) of Team Alchemy: What Happens in the Spaces Between People

NPV = Net Cash In Flowt1 / (1+r)t1 + Net Cash In Flowt2 / (1+r)t2 + … Net Cash In Flowtn / (1+r)tn
Less Net Cash Out Flowt0 / (1+r)t0

Where t = time period, in this case year 1, year 2 and so on.
r = discount rate or return that could be earned using other safe proposition such as fixed deposit or treasury bond rate. Net Cash In Flow – What the firm will get each year.
Net Cash Out Flow – What the firm needs to invest initially in the project.

Step 1 – Understand the nature of the project and calculate cash flow for each year.
Step 2 – Discount those cash flow based on the discount rate.
Step 3 – Add all the discounted cash flow.
Step 4 – Selection of the project

Why Leadership & Managing People Managers need to know Financial Tools such as Net Present Value (NPV)?

In our daily workplace we often come across people and colleagues who are just focused on their core competency and targets they have to deliver. For example marketing managers at Creative Alchemy often design programs whose objective is to drive brand awareness and customer reach. But how that 30 point increase in brand awareness or 10 point increase in customer touch points will result into shareholders’ value is not specified.

To overcome such scenarios managers at Creative Alchemy needs to not only know the financial aspect of project management but also needs to have tools to integrate them into part of the project development and monitoring plan.

Calculating Net Present Value (NPV) at 15%

After working through various assumptions we reached a conclusion that risk is far higher than 6%. In a reasonably stable industry with weak competition - 15% discount rate can be a good benchmark.

Years	Cash Flow	Net Cash Flow	Cumulative     Cash Flow	Discount Rate @ 15 %	Discounted Cash Flows
Year 0	(10015314)	-10015314	-	-
Year 1	3447042	-6568272	3447042	0.8696	2997428
Year 2	3977784	-2590488	7424826	0.7561	3007776
Year 3	3955769	1365281	11380595	0.6575	2600982
Year 4	3229005	4594286	14609600	0.5718	1846194
TOTAL					10452380

The Net NPV after 4 years is 437066

(10452380 - 10015314 )

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Calculating Net Present Value (NPV) at 20%

If the risk component is high in the industry then we should go for a higher hurdle rate / discount rate of 20%.

Years	Cash Flow	Net Cash Flow	Cumulative     Cash Flow	Discount Rate @ 20 %	Discounted Cash Flows
Year 0	(10015314)	-10015314	-	-
Year 1	3447042	-6568272	3447042	0.8333	2872535
Year 2	3977784	-2590488	7424826	0.6944	2762350
Year 3	3955769	1365281	11380595	0.5787	2289218
Year 4	3229005	4594286	14609600	0.4823	1557198
TOTAL					9481301

The Net NPV after 4 years is -534013

At 20% discount rate the NPV is negative (9481301 - 10015314 ) so ideally we can't select the project if macro and micro factors don't allow financial managers of Creative Alchemy to discount cash flow at lower discount rates such as 15%.

Acceptance Criteria of a Project based on NPV

Simplest Approach – If the investment project of Creative Alchemy has a NPV value higher than Zero then finance managers at Creative Alchemy can ACCEPT the project, otherwise they can reject the project. This means that project will deliver higher returns over the period of time than any alternate investment strategy.

In theory if the required rate of return or discount rate is chosen correctly by finance managers at Creative Alchemy, then the stock price of the Creative Alchemy should change by same amount of the NPV. In real world we know that share price also reflects various other factors that can be related to both macro and micro environment.

In the same vein – accepting the project with zero NPV should result in stagnant share price. Finance managers use discount rates as a measure of risk components in the project execution process.

Sensitivity Analysis

Project selection is often a far more complex decision than just choosing it based on the NPV number. Finance managers at Creative Alchemy should conduct a sensitivity analysis to better understand not only the inherent risk of the projects but also how those risks can be either factored in or mitigated during the project execution. Sensitivity analysis helps in –

What are the key aspects of the projects that need to be monitored, refined, and retuned for continuous delivery of projected cash flows.

What will be a multi year spillover effect of various taxation regulations.

Understanding of risks involved in the project.

What can impact the cash flow of the project.

What are the uncertainties surrounding the project Initial Cash Outlay (ICO’s). ICO’s often have several different components such as land, machinery, building, and other equipment.

Some of the assumptions while using the Discounted Cash Flow Methods –

Projects are assumed to be Mutually Exclusive – This is seldom the came in modern day giant organizations where projects are often inter-related and rejecting a project solely based on NPV can result in sunk cost from a related project.

Independent projects have independent cash flows – As explained in the marketing project – though the project may look independent but in reality it is not as the brand awareness project can be closely associated with the spending on sales promotions and product specific advertising.

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Negotiation Strategy of Team Alchemy: What Happens in the Spaces Between People

References & Further Readings

Chelsea Vandiver (2018), "Team Alchemy: What Happens in the Spaces Between People Harvard Business Review Case Study. Published by HBR Publications.