Cancer Health Alliance of Metropolitan Chicago: Working Together to Achieve Mutual Goals Net Present Value (NPV) / MBA Resources

Introduction to Net Present Value (NPV) - What is Net Present Value (NPV) ? How it impacts financial decisions regarding project management?

NPV solution for Cancer Health Alliance of Metropolitan Chicago: Working Together to Achieve Mutual Goals case study

At Oak Spring University, we provide corporate level professional Net Present Value (NPV) case study solution. Cancer Health Alliance of Metropolitan Chicago: Working Together to Achieve Mutual Goals case study is a Harvard Business School (HBR) case study written by Don Haider. The Cancer Health Alliance of Metropolitan Chicago: Working Together to Achieve Mutual Goals (referred as “Cancer Nonmedical” from here on) case study provides evaluation & decision scenario in field of Organizational Development. It also touches upon business topics such as - Value proposition, Joint ventures, Organizational culture.

The net present value (NPV) of an investment proposal is the present value of the proposal’s net cash flows less the proposal’s initial cash outflow. If a project’s NPV is greater than or equal to zero, the project should be accepted.

NPV = Present Value of Future Cash Flows LESS Project’s Initial Investment

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Case Description of Cancer Health Alliance of Metropolitan Chicago: Working Together to Achieve Mutual Goals Case Study

Describes how four independent, community-based nonmedical centers that offered professional services and programs to cancer patients on a voluntary non-fee basis in the 1990s came together to form the Cancer Health Alliance in 2003-2004 as a separate nonprofit to help achieve more of their mission and be more sustainable.

Case Authors : Don Haider

Topic : Organizational Development

Related Areas : Joint ventures, Organizational culture

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Calculating Net Present Value (NPV) at 6% for Cancer Health Alliance of Metropolitan Chicago: Working Together to Achieve Mutual Goals Case Study

Years	Cash Flow	Net Cash Flow	Cumulative     Cash Flow	Discount Rate @ 6 %	Discounted Cash Flows
Year 0	(10013643)	-10013643	-	-
Year 1	3443558	-6570085	3443558	0.9434	3248640
Year 2	3957187	-2612898	7400745	0.89	3521882
Year 3	3948696	1335798	11349441	0.8396	3315401
Year 4	3235833	4571631	14585274	0.7921	2563083
TOTAL			14585274		12649006

The Net Present Value at 6% discount rate is 2635363

In isolation the NPV number doesn't mean much but put in right context then it is one of the best method to evaluate project returns. In this article we will cover -

Different methods of capital budgeting

What is NPV & Formula of NPV,
How it is calculated,
How to use NPV number for project evaluation, and
Scenario Planning given risks and management priorities.

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Capital Budgeting Approaches

Methods of Capital Budgeting

There are four types of capital budgeting techniques that are widely used in the corporate world –

1. Internal Rate of Return
2. Net Present Value
3. Payback Period
4. Profitability Index

Apart from the Payback period method which is an additive method, rest of the methods are based on Discounted Cash Flow technique. Even though cash flow can be calculated based on the nature of the project, for the simplicity of the article we are assuming that all the expected cash flows are realized at the end of the year.

Discounted Cash Flow approaches provide a more objective basis for evaluating and selecting investment projects. They take into consideration both –

1. Timing of the expected cash flows – stockholders of Cancer Nonmedical have higher preference for cash returns over 4-5 years rather than 10-15 years given the nature of the volatility in the industry.
2. Magnitude of both incoming and outgoing cash flows – Projects can be capital intensive, time intensive, or both. Cancer Nonmedical shareholders have preference for diversified projects investment rather than prospective high income from a single capital intensive project.

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Formula and Steps to Calculate Net Present Value (NPV) of Cancer Health Alliance of Metropolitan Chicago: Working Together to Achieve Mutual Goals

NPV = Net Cash In Flowt1 / (1+r)t1 + Net Cash In Flowt2 / (1+r)t2 + … Net Cash In Flowtn / (1+r)tn
Less Net Cash Out Flowt0 / (1+r)t0

Where t = time period, in this case year 1, year 2 and so on.
r = discount rate or return that could be earned using other safe proposition such as fixed deposit or treasury bond rate. Net Cash In Flow – What the firm will get each year.
Net Cash Out Flow – What the firm needs to invest initially in the project.

Step 1 – Understand the nature of the project and calculate cash flow for each year.
Step 2 – Discount those cash flow based on the discount rate.
Step 3 – Add all the discounted cash flow.
Step 4 – Selection of the project

Why Organizational Development Managers need to know Financial Tools such as Net Present Value (NPV)?

In our daily workplace we often come across people and colleagues who are just focused on their core competency and targets they have to deliver. For example marketing managers at Cancer Nonmedical often design programs whose objective is to drive brand awareness and customer reach. But how that 30 point increase in brand awareness or 10 point increase in customer touch points will result into shareholders’ value is not specified.

To overcome such scenarios managers at Cancer Nonmedical needs to not only know the financial aspect of project management but also needs to have tools to integrate them into part of the project development and monitoring plan.

Calculating Net Present Value (NPV) at 15%

After working through various assumptions we reached a conclusion that risk is far higher than 6%. In a reasonably stable industry with weak competition - 15% discount rate can be a good benchmark.

Years	Cash Flow	Net Cash Flow	Cumulative     Cash Flow	Discount Rate @ 15 %	Discounted Cash Flows
Year 0	(10013643)	-10013643	-	-
Year 1	3443558	-6570085	3443558	0.8696	2994398
Year 2	3957187	-2612898	7400745	0.7561	2992202
Year 3	3948696	1335798	11349441	0.6575	2596332
Year 4	3235833	4571631	14585274	0.5718	1850098
TOTAL					10433030

The Net NPV after 4 years is 419387

(10433030 - 10013643 )

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Calculating Net Present Value (NPV) at 20%

If the risk component is high in the industry then we should go for a higher hurdle rate / discount rate of 20%.

Years	Cash Flow	Net Cash Flow	Cumulative     Cash Flow	Discount Rate @ 20 %	Discounted Cash Flows
Year 0	(10013643)	-10013643	-	-
Year 1	3443558	-6570085	3443558	0.8333	2869632
Year 2	3957187	-2612898	7400745	0.6944	2748047
Year 3	3948696	1335798	11349441	0.5787	2285125
Year 4	3235833	4571631	14585274	0.4823	1560490
TOTAL					9463294

The Net NPV after 4 years is -550349

At 20% discount rate the NPV is negative (9463294 - 10013643 ) so ideally we can't select the project if macro and micro factors don't allow financial managers of Cancer Nonmedical to discount cash flow at lower discount rates such as 15%.

Acceptance Criteria of a Project based on NPV

Simplest Approach – If the investment project of Cancer Nonmedical has a NPV value higher than Zero then finance managers at Cancer Nonmedical can ACCEPT the project, otherwise they can reject the project. This means that project will deliver higher returns over the period of time than any alternate investment strategy.

In theory if the required rate of return or discount rate is chosen correctly by finance managers at Cancer Nonmedical, then the stock price of the Cancer Nonmedical should change by same amount of the NPV. In real world we know that share price also reflects various other factors that can be related to both macro and micro environment.

In the same vein – accepting the project with zero NPV should result in stagnant share price. Finance managers use discount rates as a measure of risk components in the project execution process.

Sensitivity Analysis

Project selection is often a far more complex decision than just choosing it based on the NPV number. Finance managers at Cancer Nonmedical should conduct a sensitivity analysis to better understand not only the inherent risk of the projects but also how those risks can be either factored in or mitigated during the project execution. Sensitivity analysis helps in –

What will be a multi year spillover effect of various taxation regulations.

What can impact the cash flow of the project.

What are the key aspects of the projects that need to be monitored, refined, and retuned for continuous delivery of projected cash flows.

Understanding of risks involved in the project.

What are the uncertainties surrounding the project Initial Cash Outlay (ICO’s). ICO’s often have several different components such as land, machinery, building, and other equipment.

Some of the assumptions while using the Discounted Cash Flow Methods –

Projects are assumed to be Mutually Exclusive – This is seldom the came in modern day giant organizations where projects are often inter-related and rejecting a project solely based on NPV can result in sunk cost from a related project.

Independent projects have independent cash flows – As explained in the marketing project – though the project may look independent but in reality it is not as the brand awareness project can be closely associated with the spending on sales promotions and product specific advertising.

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Negotiation Strategy of Cancer Health Alliance of Metropolitan Chicago: Working Together to Achieve Mutual Goals

References & Further Readings

Don Haider (2018), "Cancer Health Alliance of Metropolitan Chicago: Working Together to Achieve Mutual Goals Harvard Business Review Case Study. Published by HBR Publications.