Zenith: Marketing Research for High Definition Television (HDTV) Net Present Value (NPV) / MBA Resources

Introduction to Net Present Value (NPV) - What is Net Present Value (NPV) ? How it impacts financial decisions regarding project management?

NPV solution for Zenith: Marketing Research for High Definition Television (HDTV) case study

At Oak Spring University, we provide corporate level professional Net Present Value (NPV) case study solution. Zenith: Marketing Research for High Definition Television (HDTV) case study is a Harvard Business School (HBR) case study written by Fareena Sultan. The Zenith: Marketing Research for High Definition Television (HDTV) (referred as “Zenith Hdtv” from here on) case study provides evaluation & decision scenario in field of Sales & Marketing. It also touches upon business topics such as - Value proposition, IT, Market research, Product development.

The net present value (NPV) of an investment proposal is the present value of the proposal’s net cash flows less the proposal’s initial cash outflow. If a project’s NPV is greater than or equal to zero, the project should be accepted.

NPV = Present Value of Future Cash Flows LESS Project’s Initial Investment

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Case Description of Zenith: Marketing Research for High Definition Television (HDTV) Case Study

Managers at Zenith must decide what marketing research, if any, needs to be done now in order to assess market potential and consumer preference for a technological innovation, high definition television (HDTV) that is yet to be introduced. The case describes various marketing research options available to Zenith in August 1990. In particular managers have to decide whether to conduct a study to examine consumer preferences for the wider screen format of HDTV. They also need to forecast HDTV demand from 1992-2000 under pessimistic, most likely and optimistic scenarios that have to be defined. Can be used to expose students in an introductory marketing management course to various marketing research methods available to assess consumer preferences for new products and innovations. In particular it exposes students to conjoint analysis' methodology. Also allows students an opportunity to assess the situation facing Zenith and explore forecasting marketing potential via scenario analysis.

Case Authors : Fareena Sultan

Topic : Sales & Marketing

Related Areas : IT, Market research, Product development

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Calculating Net Present Value (NPV) at 6% for Zenith: Marketing Research for High Definition Television (HDTV) Case Study

Years	Cash Flow	Net Cash Flow	Cumulative     Cash Flow	Discount Rate @ 6 %	Discounted Cash Flows
Year 0	(10029685)	-10029685	-	-
Year 1	3446495	-6583190	3446495	0.9434	3251410
Year 2	3981662	-2601528	7428157	0.89	3543665
Year 3	3943924	1342396	11372081	0.8396	3311395
Year 4	3238368	4580764	14610449	0.7921	2565091
TOTAL			14610449		12671561

The Net Present Value at 6% discount rate is 2641876

In isolation the NPV number doesn't mean much but put in right context then it is one of the best method to evaluate project returns. In this article we will cover -

Different methods of capital budgeting

What is NPV & Formula of NPV,
How it is calculated,
How to use NPV number for project evaluation, and
Scenario Planning given risks and management priorities.

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Capital Budgeting Approaches

Methods of Capital Budgeting

There are four types of capital budgeting techniques that are widely used in the corporate world –

1. Net Present Value
2. Payback Period
3. Internal Rate of Return
4. Profitability Index

Apart from the Payback period method which is an additive method, rest of the methods are based on Discounted Cash Flow technique. Even though cash flow can be calculated based on the nature of the project, for the simplicity of the article we are assuming that all the expected cash flows are realized at the end of the year.

Discounted Cash Flow approaches provide a more objective basis for evaluating and selecting investment projects. They take into consideration both –

1. Magnitude of both incoming and outgoing cash flows – Projects can be capital intensive, time intensive, or both. Zenith Hdtv shareholders have preference for diversified projects investment rather than prospective high income from a single capital intensive project.
2. Timing of the expected cash flows – stockholders of Zenith Hdtv have higher preference for cash returns over 4-5 years rather than 10-15 years given the nature of the volatility in the industry.

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Formula and Steps to Calculate Net Present Value (NPV) of Zenith: Marketing Research for High Definition Television (HDTV)

NPV = Net Cash In Flowt1 / (1+r)t1 + Net Cash In Flowt2 / (1+r)t2 + … Net Cash In Flowtn / (1+r)tn
Less Net Cash Out Flowt0 / (1+r)t0

Where t = time period, in this case year 1, year 2 and so on.
r = discount rate or return that could be earned using other safe proposition such as fixed deposit or treasury bond rate. Net Cash In Flow – What the firm will get each year.
Net Cash Out Flow – What the firm needs to invest initially in the project.

Step 1 – Understand the nature of the project and calculate cash flow for each year.
Step 2 – Discount those cash flow based on the discount rate.
Step 3 – Add all the discounted cash flow.
Step 4 – Selection of the project

Why Sales & Marketing Managers need to know Financial Tools such as Net Present Value (NPV)?

In our daily workplace we often come across people and colleagues who are just focused on their core competency and targets they have to deliver. For example marketing managers at Zenith Hdtv often design programs whose objective is to drive brand awareness and customer reach. But how that 30 point increase in brand awareness or 10 point increase in customer touch points will result into shareholders’ value is not specified.

To overcome such scenarios managers at Zenith Hdtv needs to not only know the financial aspect of project management but also needs to have tools to integrate them into part of the project development and monitoring plan.

Calculating Net Present Value (NPV) at 15%

After working through various assumptions we reached a conclusion that risk is far higher than 6%. In a reasonably stable industry with weak competition - 15% discount rate can be a good benchmark.

Years	Cash Flow	Net Cash Flow	Cumulative     Cash Flow	Discount Rate @ 15 %	Discounted Cash Flows
Year 0	(10029685)	-10029685	-	-
Year 1	3446495	-6583190	3446495	0.8696	2996952
Year 2	3981662	-2601528	7428157	0.7561	3010709
Year 3	3943924	1342396	11372081	0.6575	2593194
Year 4	3238368	4580764	14610449	0.5718	1851547
TOTAL					10452402

The Net NPV after 4 years is 422717

(10452402 - 10029685 )

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Calculating Net Present Value (NPV) at 20%

If the risk component is high in the industry then we should go for a higher hurdle rate / discount rate of 20%.

Years	Cash Flow	Net Cash Flow	Cumulative     Cash Flow	Discount Rate @ 20 %	Discounted Cash Flows
Year 0	(10029685)	-10029685	-	-
Year 1	3446495	-6583190	3446495	0.8333	2872079
Year 2	3981662	-2601528	7428157	0.6944	2765043
Year 3	3943924	1342396	11372081	0.5787	2282363
Year 4	3238368	4580764	14610449	0.4823	1561713
TOTAL					9481199

The Net NPV after 4 years is -548486

At 20% discount rate the NPV is negative (9481199 - 10029685 ) so ideally we can't select the project if macro and micro factors don't allow financial managers of Zenith Hdtv to discount cash flow at lower discount rates such as 15%.

Acceptance Criteria of a Project based on NPV

Simplest Approach – If the investment project of Zenith Hdtv has a NPV value higher than Zero then finance managers at Zenith Hdtv can ACCEPT the project, otherwise they can reject the project. This means that project will deliver higher returns over the period of time than any alternate investment strategy.

In theory if the required rate of return or discount rate is chosen correctly by finance managers at Zenith Hdtv, then the stock price of the Zenith Hdtv should change by same amount of the NPV. In real world we know that share price also reflects various other factors that can be related to both macro and micro environment.

In the same vein – accepting the project with zero NPV should result in stagnant share price. Finance managers use discount rates as a measure of risk components in the project execution process.

Sensitivity Analysis

Project selection is often a far more complex decision than just choosing it based on the NPV number. Finance managers at Zenith Hdtv should conduct a sensitivity analysis to better understand not only the inherent risk of the projects but also how those risks can be either factored in or mitigated during the project execution. Sensitivity analysis helps in –

What can impact the cash flow of the project.

What are the uncertainties surrounding the project Initial Cash Outlay (ICO’s). ICO’s often have several different components such as land, machinery, building, and other equipment.

What will be a multi year spillover effect of various taxation regulations.

Understanding of risks involved in the project.

What are the key aspects of the projects that need to be monitored, refined, and retuned for continuous delivery of projected cash flows.

Some of the assumptions while using the Discounted Cash Flow Methods –

Projects are assumed to be Mutually Exclusive – This is seldom the came in modern day giant organizations where projects are often inter-related and rejecting a project solely based on NPV can result in sunk cost from a related project.

Independent projects have independent cash flows – As explained in the marketing project – though the project may look independent but in reality it is not as the brand awareness project can be closely associated with the spending on sales promotions and product specific advertising.

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Negotiation Strategy of Zenith: Marketing Research for High Definition Television (HDTV)

References & Further Readings

Fareena Sultan (2018), "Zenith: Marketing Research for High Definition Television (HDTV) Harvard Business Review Case Study. Published by HBR Publications.