HEB International Supermarkets and the Banco de Alimentos de Caritas de Monterrey, Spanish Version Net Present Value (NPV) / MBA Resources

Introduction to Net Present Value (NPV) - What is Net Present Value (NPV) ? How it impacts financial decisions regarding project management?

NPV solution for HEB International Supermarkets and the Banco de Alimentos de Caritas de Monterrey, Spanish Version case study

At Oak Spring University, we provide corporate level professional Net Present Value (NPV) case study solution. HEB International Supermarkets and the Banco de Alimentos de Caritas de Monterrey, Spanish Version case study is a Harvard Business School (HBR) case study written by Gerardo Lozano, Carlos Romero, Loretta Serrano. The HEB International Supermarkets and the Banco de Alimentos de Caritas de Monterrey, Spanish Version (referred as “Monterrey Heb” from here on) case study provides evaluation & decision scenario in field of Strategy & Execution. It also touches upon business topics such as - Value proposition, Corporate governance, Joint ventures, Leadership, Performance measurement, Social enterprise, Social responsibility.

The net present value (NPV) of an investment proposal is the present value of the proposal’s net cash flows less the proposal’s initial cash outflow. If a project’s NPV is greater than or equal to zero, the project should be accepted.

NPV = Present Value of Future Cash Flows LESS Project’s Initial Investment

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Case Description of HEB International Supermarkets and the Banco de Alimentos de Caritas de Monterrey, Spanish Version Case Study

HEB, a family-owned Texan retailer, is the 12th largest supermarket chain in the United States. In expanding its operations into Mexico in 1997, the company transferred not only its products and services but also its social strategy of working with food banks. The Monterrey Food Bank (Banco de Alimentos de Monterrey), one of Caritas's social service programs, began in 1989 with the purpose of providing nutritional assistance to needy families regardless of religious affiliation. The collaboration of HEB with the Monterrey Food Bank enabled this operation to move from basic to world-class level in terms of new storage and handling facilities and administrative systems. The partners perceived significant benefits for each other and the community. Strong leadership and interpersonal relationships contributed to the development of a considerable mutual trust that has fostered a vigorous and growing partnership.

Case Authors : Gerardo Lozano, Carlos Romero, Loretta Serrano

Topic : Strategy & Execution

Related Areas : Corporate governance, Joint ventures, Leadership, Performance measurement, Social enterprise, Social responsibility

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Calculating Net Present Value (NPV) at 6% for HEB International Supermarkets and the Banco de Alimentos de Caritas de Monterrey, Spanish Version Case Study

Years	Cash Flow	Net Cash Flow	Cumulative     Cash Flow	Discount Rate @ 6 %	Discounted Cash Flows
Year 0	(10017509)	-10017509	-	-
Year 1	3443848	-6573661	3443848	0.9434	3248913
Year 2	3962697	-2610964	7406545	0.89	3526786
Year 3	3942694	1331730	11349239	0.8396	3310362
Year 4	3234973	4566703	14584212	0.7921	2562402
TOTAL			14584212		12648463

The Net Present Value at 6% discount rate is 2630954

In isolation the NPV number doesn't mean much but put in right context then it is one of the best method to evaluate project returns. In this article we will cover -

Different methods of capital budgeting

What is NPV & Formula of NPV,
How it is calculated,
How to use NPV number for project evaluation, and
Scenario Planning given risks and management priorities.

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Capital Budgeting Approaches

Methods of Capital Budgeting

There are four types of capital budgeting techniques that are widely used in the corporate world –

1. Net Present Value
2. Profitability Index
3. Internal Rate of Return
4. Payback Period

Apart from the Payback period method which is an additive method, rest of the methods are based on Discounted Cash Flow technique. Even though cash flow can be calculated based on the nature of the project, for the simplicity of the article we are assuming that all the expected cash flows are realized at the end of the year.

Discounted Cash Flow approaches provide a more objective basis for evaluating and selecting investment projects. They take into consideration both –

1. Timing of the expected cash flows – stockholders of Monterrey Heb have higher preference for cash returns over 4-5 years rather than 10-15 years given the nature of the volatility in the industry.
2. Magnitude of both incoming and outgoing cash flows – Projects can be capital intensive, time intensive, or both. Monterrey Heb shareholders have preference for diversified projects investment rather than prospective high income from a single capital intensive project.

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Formula and Steps to Calculate Net Present Value (NPV) of HEB International Supermarkets and the Banco de Alimentos de Caritas de Monterrey, Spanish Version

NPV = Net Cash In Flowt1 / (1+r)t1 + Net Cash In Flowt2 / (1+r)t2 + … Net Cash In Flowtn / (1+r)tn
Less Net Cash Out Flowt0 / (1+r)t0

Where t = time period, in this case year 1, year 2 and so on.
r = discount rate or return that could be earned using other safe proposition such as fixed deposit or treasury bond rate. Net Cash In Flow – What the firm will get each year.
Net Cash Out Flow – What the firm needs to invest initially in the project.

Step 1 – Understand the nature of the project and calculate cash flow for each year.
Step 2 – Discount those cash flow based on the discount rate.
Step 3 – Add all the discounted cash flow.
Step 4 – Selection of the project

Why Strategy & Execution Managers need to know Financial Tools such as Net Present Value (NPV)?

In our daily workplace we often come across people and colleagues who are just focused on their core competency and targets they have to deliver. For example marketing managers at Monterrey Heb often design programs whose objective is to drive brand awareness and customer reach. But how that 30 point increase in brand awareness or 10 point increase in customer touch points will result into shareholders’ value is not specified.

To overcome such scenarios managers at Monterrey Heb needs to not only know the financial aspect of project management but also needs to have tools to integrate them into part of the project development and monitoring plan.

Calculating Net Present Value (NPV) at 15%

After working through various assumptions we reached a conclusion that risk is far higher than 6%. In a reasonably stable industry with weak competition - 15% discount rate can be a good benchmark.

Years	Cash Flow	Net Cash Flow	Cumulative     Cash Flow	Discount Rate @ 15 %	Discounted Cash Flows
Year 0	(10017509)	-10017509	-	-
Year 1	3443848	-6573661	3443848	0.8696	2994650
Year 2	3962697	-2610964	7406545	0.7561	2996368
Year 3	3942694	1331730	11349239	0.6575	2592385
Year 4	3234973	4566703	14584212	0.5718	1849606
TOTAL					10433010

The Net NPV after 4 years is 415501

(10433010 - 10017509 )

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Calculating Net Present Value (NPV) at 20%

If the risk component is high in the industry then we should go for a higher hurdle rate / discount rate of 20%.

Years	Cash Flow	Net Cash Flow	Cumulative     Cash Flow	Discount Rate @ 20 %	Discounted Cash Flows
Year 0	(10017509)	-10017509	-	-
Year 1	3443848	-6573661	3443848	0.8333	2869873
Year 2	3962697	-2610964	7406545	0.6944	2751873
Year 3	3942694	1331730	11349239	0.5787	2281652
Year 4	3234973	4566703	14584212	0.4823	1560076
TOTAL					9463474

The Net NPV after 4 years is -554035

At 20% discount rate the NPV is negative (9463474 - 10017509 ) so ideally we can't select the project if macro and micro factors don't allow financial managers of Monterrey Heb to discount cash flow at lower discount rates such as 15%.

Acceptance Criteria of a Project based on NPV

Simplest Approach – If the investment project of Monterrey Heb has a NPV value higher than Zero then finance managers at Monterrey Heb can ACCEPT the project, otherwise they can reject the project. This means that project will deliver higher returns over the period of time than any alternate investment strategy.

In theory if the required rate of return or discount rate is chosen correctly by finance managers at Monterrey Heb, then the stock price of the Monterrey Heb should change by same amount of the NPV. In real world we know that share price also reflects various other factors that can be related to both macro and micro environment.

In the same vein – accepting the project with zero NPV should result in stagnant share price. Finance managers use discount rates as a measure of risk components in the project execution process.

Sensitivity Analysis

Project selection is often a far more complex decision than just choosing it based on the NPV number. Finance managers at Monterrey Heb should conduct a sensitivity analysis to better understand not only the inherent risk of the projects but also how those risks can be either factored in or mitigated during the project execution. Sensitivity analysis helps in –

What will be a multi year spillover effect of various taxation regulations.

What are the key aspects of the projects that need to be monitored, refined, and retuned for continuous delivery of projected cash flows.

What can impact the cash flow of the project.

Understanding of risks involved in the project.

What are the uncertainties surrounding the project Initial Cash Outlay (ICO’s). ICO’s often have several different components such as land, machinery, building, and other equipment.

Some of the assumptions while using the Discounted Cash Flow Methods –

Projects are assumed to be Mutually Exclusive – This is seldom the came in modern day giant organizations where projects are often inter-related and rejecting a project solely based on NPV can result in sunk cost from a related project.

Independent projects have independent cash flows – As explained in the marketing project – though the project may look independent but in reality it is not as the brand awareness project can be closely associated with the spending on sales promotions and product specific advertising.

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Negotiation Strategy of HEB International Supermarkets and the Banco de Alimentos de Caritas de Monterrey, Spanish Version

References & Further Readings

Gerardo Lozano, Carlos Romero, Loretta Serrano (2018), "HEB International Supermarkets and the Banco de Alimentos de Caritas de Monterrey, Spanish Version Harvard Business Review Case Study. Published by HBR Publications.