Infosys Consulting in 2006: Leading the Next Generation of Business and Information Technology Consulting Net Present Value (NPV) / MBA Resources

Introduction to Net Present Value (NPV) - What is Net Present Value (NPV) ? How it impacts financial decisions regarding project management?

NPV solution for Infosys Consulting in 2006: Leading the Next Generation of Business and Information Technology Consulting case study

At Oak Spring University, we provide corporate level professional Net Present Value (NPV) case study solution. Infosys Consulting in 2006: Leading the Next Generation of Business and Information Technology Consulting case study is a Harvard Business School (HBR) case study written by Robert A. Burgelman, Aneesha Capur. The Infosys Consulting in 2006: Leading the Next Generation of Business and Information Technology Consulting (referred as “Consulting Infosys” from here on) case study provides evaluation & decision scenario in field of Strategy & Execution. It also touches upon business topics such as - Value proposition, Globalization, IT, Marketing.

The net present value (NPV) of an investment proposal is the present value of the proposal’s net cash flows less the proposal’s initial cash outflow. If a project’s NPV is greater than or equal to zero, the project should be accepted.

NPV = Present Value of Future Cash Flows LESS Project’s Initial Investment

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Case Description of Infosys Consulting in 2006: Leading the Next Generation of Business and Information Technology Consulting Case Study

Describes Infosys Technologies' approach to growing the company by expanding its service offerings; moving up the value chain to offer higher-end consulting services; improving its brand equity and recognition as a global company; increasing revenue through repeat business from the company's client base; and entering client relationships earlier in the lifecycle by defining problems and identifying solutions before implementation. Considers whether Infosys Technologies--through the creation of a wholly owned U.S.-based subsidiary, Infosys Consulting--has created disruptive change in the IT consulting industry by leveraging its competency in global delivery to create a new model that shortens the lifecycle from business consulting to implementation, reduces the costs of a typical client engagement, and delivers measurable benefits to clients. The case is set in early 2006. An overview of the Information Technology (IT) services landscape is provided for this period. The case profiles leading onshore (U.S.) and offshore (Indian) competitors and describes their different approaches to global delivery in the IT consulting industry.

Case Authors : Robert A. Burgelman, Aneesha Capur

Topic : Strategy & Execution

Related Areas : Globalization, IT, Marketing

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Calculating Net Present Value (NPV) at 6% for Infosys Consulting in 2006: Leading the Next Generation of Business and Information Technology Consulting Case Study

Years	Cash Flow	Net Cash Flow	Cumulative     Cash Flow	Discount Rate @ 6 %	Discounted Cash Flows
Year 0	(10018249)	-10018249	-	-
Year 1	3453702	-6564547	3453702	0.9434	3258209
Year 2	3959548	-2604999	7413250	0.89	3523984
Year 3	3949509	1344510	11362759	0.8396	3316084
Year 4	3234051	4578561	14596810	0.7921	2561671
TOTAL			14596810		12659948

The Net Present Value at 6% discount rate is 2641699

In isolation the NPV number doesn't mean much but put in right context then it is one of the best method to evaluate project returns. In this article we will cover -

Different methods of capital budgeting

What is NPV & Formula of NPV,
How it is calculated,
How to use NPV number for project evaluation, and
Scenario Planning given risks and management priorities.

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Capital Budgeting Approaches

Methods of Capital Budgeting

There are four types of capital budgeting techniques that are widely used in the corporate world –

1. Payback Period
2. Internal Rate of Return
3. Net Present Value
4. Profitability Index

Apart from the Payback period method which is an additive method, rest of the methods are based on Discounted Cash Flow technique. Even though cash flow can be calculated based on the nature of the project, for the simplicity of the article we are assuming that all the expected cash flows are realized at the end of the year.

Discounted Cash Flow approaches provide a more objective basis for evaluating and selecting investment projects. They take into consideration both –

1. Timing of the expected cash flows – stockholders of Consulting Infosys have higher preference for cash returns over 4-5 years rather than 10-15 years given the nature of the volatility in the industry.
2. Magnitude of both incoming and outgoing cash flows – Projects can be capital intensive, time intensive, or both. Consulting Infosys shareholders have preference for diversified projects investment rather than prospective high income from a single capital intensive project.

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Formula and Steps to Calculate Net Present Value (NPV) of Infosys Consulting in 2006: Leading the Next Generation of Business and Information Technology Consulting

NPV = Net Cash In Flowt1 / (1+r)t1 + Net Cash In Flowt2 / (1+r)t2 + … Net Cash In Flowtn / (1+r)tn
Less Net Cash Out Flowt0 / (1+r)t0

Where t = time period, in this case year 1, year 2 and so on.
r = discount rate or return that could be earned using other safe proposition such as fixed deposit or treasury bond rate. Net Cash In Flow – What the firm will get each year.
Net Cash Out Flow – What the firm needs to invest initially in the project.

Step 1 – Understand the nature of the project and calculate cash flow for each year.
Step 2 – Discount those cash flow based on the discount rate.
Step 3 – Add all the discounted cash flow.
Step 4 – Selection of the project

Why Strategy & Execution Managers need to know Financial Tools such as Net Present Value (NPV)?

In our daily workplace we often come across people and colleagues who are just focused on their core competency and targets they have to deliver. For example marketing managers at Consulting Infosys often design programs whose objective is to drive brand awareness and customer reach. But how that 30 point increase in brand awareness or 10 point increase in customer touch points will result into shareholders’ value is not specified.

To overcome such scenarios managers at Consulting Infosys needs to not only know the financial aspect of project management but also needs to have tools to integrate them into part of the project development and monitoring plan.

Calculating Net Present Value (NPV) at 15%

After working through various assumptions we reached a conclusion that risk is far higher than 6%. In a reasonably stable industry with weak competition - 15% discount rate can be a good benchmark.

Years	Cash Flow	Net Cash Flow	Cumulative     Cash Flow	Discount Rate @ 15 %	Discounted Cash Flows
Year 0	(10018249)	-10018249	-	-
Year 1	3453702	-6564547	3453702	0.8696	3003219
Year 2	3959548	-2604999	7413250	0.7561	2993987
Year 3	3949509	1344510	11362759	0.6575	2596866
Year 4	3234051	4578561	14596810	0.5718	1849079
TOTAL					10443152

The Net NPV after 4 years is 424903

(10443152 - 10018249 )

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Calculating Net Present Value (NPV) at 20%

If the risk component is high in the industry then we should go for a higher hurdle rate / discount rate of 20%.

Years	Cash Flow	Net Cash Flow	Cumulative     Cash Flow	Discount Rate @ 20 %	Discounted Cash Flows
Year 0	(10018249)	-10018249	-	-
Year 1	3453702	-6564547	3453702	0.8333	2878085
Year 2	3959548	-2604999	7413250	0.6944	2749686
Year 3	3949509	1344510	11362759	0.5787	2285595
Year 4	3234051	4578561	14596810	0.4823	1559631
TOTAL					9472998

The Net NPV after 4 years is -545251

At 20% discount rate the NPV is negative (9472998 - 10018249 ) so ideally we can't select the project if macro and micro factors don't allow financial managers of Consulting Infosys to discount cash flow at lower discount rates such as 15%.

Acceptance Criteria of a Project based on NPV

Simplest Approach – If the investment project of Consulting Infosys has a NPV value higher than Zero then finance managers at Consulting Infosys can ACCEPT the project, otherwise they can reject the project. This means that project will deliver higher returns over the period of time than any alternate investment strategy.

In theory if the required rate of return or discount rate is chosen correctly by finance managers at Consulting Infosys, then the stock price of the Consulting Infosys should change by same amount of the NPV. In real world we know that share price also reflects various other factors that can be related to both macro and micro environment.

In the same vein – accepting the project with zero NPV should result in stagnant share price. Finance managers use discount rates as a measure of risk components in the project execution process.

Sensitivity Analysis

Project selection is often a far more complex decision than just choosing it based on the NPV number. Finance managers at Consulting Infosys should conduct a sensitivity analysis to better understand not only the inherent risk of the projects but also how those risks can be either factored in or mitigated during the project execution. Sensitivity analysis helps in –

What are the key aspects of the projects that need to be monitored, refined, and retuned for continuous delivery of projected cash flows.

What will be a multi year spillover effect of various taxation regulations.

What can impact the cash flow of the project.

Understanding of risks involved in the project.

What are the uncertainties surrounding the project Initial Cash Outlay (ICO’s). ICO’s often have several different components such as land, machinery, building, and other equipment.

Some of the assumptions while using the Discounted Cash Flow Methods –

Projects are assumed to be Mutually Exclusive – This is seldom the came in modern day giant organizations where projects are often inter-related and rejecting a project solely based on NPV can result in sunk cost from a related project.

Independent projects have independent cash flows – As explained in the marketing project – though the project may look independent but in reality it is not as the brand awareness project can be closely associated with the spending on sales promotions and product specific advertising.

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Negotiation Strategy of Infosys Consulting in 2006: Leading the Next Generation of Business and Information Technology Consulting

References & Further Readings

Robert A. Burgelman, Aneesha Capur (2018), "Infosys Consulting in 2006: Leading the Next Generation of Business and Information Technology Consulting Harvard Business Review Case Study. Published by HBR Publications.