Integral Vision Ltd. (A) Net Present Value (NPV) / MBA Resources

Introduction to Net Present Value (NPV) - What is Net Present Value (NPV) ? How it impacts financial decisions regarding project management?

NPV solution for Integral Vision Ltd. (A) case study

At Oak Spring University, we provide corporate level professional Net Present Value (NPV) case study solution. Integral Vision Ltd. (A) case study is a Harvard Business School (HBR) case study written by Robert J. Robinson, Lisa Chadderdon. The Integral Vision Ltd. (A) (referred as “Vision Stresses” from here on) case study provides evaluation & decision scenario in field of Strategy & Execution. It also touches upon business topics such as - Value proposition, Negotiations, Technology, Venture capital.

The net present value (NPV) of an investment proposal is the present value of the proposal’s net cash flows less the proposal’s initial cash outflow. If a project’s NPV is greater than or equal to zero, the project should be accepted.

NPV = Present Value of Future Cash Flows LESS Project’s Initial Investment

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Case Description of Integral Vision Ltd. (A) Case Study

A stop-action simulation case takes participants through the process whereby four people (three young entrepreneurs and an investor) take a machine vision company from start-up to acquisition by a major publicly-traded company. Over several years, they have to reconcile their differing priorities and objectives in order to negotiate the terms of a number of rounds of additional capital infusion and new partners and deal with the stresses this creates in their relationship.

Case Authors : Robert J. Robinson, Lisa Chadderdon

Topic : Strategy & Execution

Related Areas : Negotiations, Technology, Venture capital

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Calculating Net Present Value (NPV) at 6% for Integral Vision Ltd. (A) Case Study

Years	Cash Flow	Net Cash Flow	Cumulative     Cash Flow	Discount Rate @ 6 %	Discounted Cash Flows
Year 0	(10027122)	-10027122	-	-
Year 1	3465341	-6561781	3465341	0.9434	3269190
Year 2	3972559	-2589222	7437900	0.89	3535563
Year 3	3939346	1350124	11377246	0.8396	3307551
Year 4	3248339	4598463	14625585	0.7921	2572989
TOTAL			14625585		12685293

The Net Present Value at 6% discount rate is 2658171

In isolation the NPV number doesn't mean much but put in right context then it is one of the best method to evaluate project returns. In this article we will cover -

Different methods of capital budgeting

What is NPV & Formula of NPV,
How it is calculated,
How to use NPV number for project evaluation, and
Scenario Planning given risks and management priorities.

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Capital Budgeting Approaches

Methods of Capital Budgeting

There are four types of capital budgeting techniques that are widely used in the corporate world –

1. Profitability Index
2. Payback Period
3. Net Present Value
4. Internal Rate of Return

Apart from the Payback period method which is an additive method, rest of the methods are based on Discounted Cash Flow technique. Even though cash flow can be calculated based on the nature of the project, for the simplicity of the article we are assuming that all the expected cash flows are realized at the end of the year.

Discounted Cash Flow approaches provide a more objective basis for evaluating and selecting investment projects. They take into consideration both –

1. Magnitude of both incoming and outgoing cash flows – Projects can be capital intensive, time intensive, or both. Vision Stresses shareholders have preference for diversified projects investment rather than prospective high income from a single capital intensive project.
2. Timing of the expected cash flows – stockholders of Vision Stresses have higher preference for cash returns over 4-5 years rather than 10-15 years given the nature of the volatility in the industry.

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Formula and Steps to Calculate Net Present Value (NPV) of Integral Vision Ltd. (A)

NPV = Net Cash In Flowt1 / (1+r)t1 + Net Cash In Flowt2 / (1+r)t2 + … Net Cash In Flowtn / (1+r)tn
Less Net Cash Out Flowt0 / (1+r)t0

Where t = time period, in this case year 1, year 2 and so on.
r = discount rate or return that could be earned using other safe proposition such as fixed deposit or treasury bond rate. Net Cash In Flow – What the firm will get each year.
Net Cash Out Flow – What the firm needs to invest initially in the project.

Step 1 – Understand the nature of the project and calculate cash flow for each year.
Step 2 – Discount those cash flow based on the discount rate.
Step 3 – Add all the discounted cash flow.
Step 4 – Selection of the project

Why Strategy & Execution Managers need to know Financial Tools such as Net Present Value (NPV)?

In our daily workplace we often come across people and colleagues who are just focused on their core competency and targets they have to deliver. For example marketing managers at Vision Stresses often design programs whose objective is to drive brand awareness and customer reach. But how that 30 point increase in brand awareness or 10 point increase in customer touch points will result into shareholders’ value is not specified.

To overcome such scenarios managers at Vision Stresses needs to not only know the financial aspect of project management but also needs to have tools to integrate them into part of the project development and monitoring plan.

Calculating Net Present Value (NPV) at 15%

After working through various assumptions we reached a conclusion that risk is far higher than 6%. In a reasonably stable industry with weak competition - 15% discount rate can be a good benchmark.

Years	Cash Flow	Net Cash Flow	Cumulative     Cash Flow	Discount Rate @ 15 %	Discounted Cash Flows
Year 0	(10027122)	-10027122	-	-
Year 1	3465341	-6561781	3465341	0.8696	3013340
Year 2	3972559	-2589222	7437900	0.7561	3003825
Year 3	3939346	1350124	11377246	0.6575	2590184
Year 4	3248339	4598463	14625585	0.5718	1857248
TOTAL					10464598

The Net NPV after 4 years is 437476

(10464598 - 10027122 )

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Calculating Net Present Value (NPV) at 20%

If the risk component is high in the industry then we should go for a higher hurdle rate / discount rate of 20%.

Years	Cash Flow	Net Cash Flow	Cumulative     Cash Flow	Discount Rate @ 20 %	Discounted Cash Flows
Year 0	(10027122)	-10027122	-	-
Year 1	3465341	-6561781	3465341	0.8333	2887784
Year 2	3972559	-2589222	7437900	0.6944	2758722
Year 3	3939346	1350124	11377246	0.5787	2279714
Year 4	3248339	4598463	14625585	0.4823	1566522
TOTAL					9492741

The Net NPV after 4 years is -534381

At 20% discount rate the NPV is negative (9492741 - 10027122 ) so ideally we can't select the project if macro and micro factors don't allow financial managers of Vision Stresses to discount cash flow at lower discount rates such as 15%.

Acceptance Criteria of a Project based on NPV

Simplest Approach – If the investment project of Vision Stresses has a NPV value higher than Zero then finance managers at Vision Stresses can ACCEPT the project, otherwise they can reject the project. This means that project will deliver higher returns over the period of time than any alternate investment strategy.

In theory if the required rate of return or discount rate is chosen correctly by finance managers at Vision Stresses, then the stock price of the Vision Stresses should change by same amount of the NPV. In real world we know that share price also reflects various other factors that can be related to both macro and micro environment.

In the same vein – accepting the project with zero NPV should result in stagnant share price. Finance managers use discount rates as a measure of risk components in the project execution process.

Sensitivity Analysis

Project selection is often a far more complex decision than just choosing it based on the NPV number. Finance managers at Vision Stresses should conduct a sensitivity analysis to better understand not only the inherent risk of the projects but also how those risks can be either factored in or mitigated during the project execution. Sensitivity analysis helps in –

Understanding of risks involved in the project.

What can impact the cash flow of the project.

What will be a multi year spillover effect of various taxation regulations.

What are the uncertainties surrounding the project Initial Cash Outlay (ICO’s). ICO’s often have several different components such as land, machinery, building, and other equipment.

What are the key aspects of the projects that need to be monitored, refined, and retuned for continuous delivery of projected cash flows.

Some of the assumptions while using the Discounted Cash Flow Methods –

Projects are assumed to be Mutually Exclusive – This is seldom the came in modern day giant organizations where projects are often inter-related and rejecting a project solely based on NPV can result in sunk cost from a related project.

Independent projects have independent cash flows – As explained in the marketing project – though the project may look independent but in reality it is not as the brand awareness project can be closely associated with the spending on sales promotions and product specific advertising.

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Negotiation Strategy of Integral Vision Ltd. (A)

References & Further Readings

Robert J. Robinson, Lisa Chadderdon (2018), "Integral Vision Ltd. (A) Harvard Business Review Case Study. Published by HBR Publications.