SGFE Cambodia (B): High-energy Char Briquettes for the Bottom of the Pyramid Net Present Value (NPV) / MBA Resources

Introduction to Net Present Value (NPV) - What is Net Present Value (NPV) ? How it impacts financial decisions regarding project management?

NPV solution for SGFE Cambodia (B): High-energy Char Briquettes for the Bottom of the Pyramid case study

At Oak Spring University, we provide corporate level professional Net Present Value (NPV) case study solution. SGFE Cambodia (B): High-energy Char Briquettes for the Bottom of the Pyramid case study is a Harvard Business School (HBR) case study written by Philip Parker, Xavier How-Choong. The SGFE Cambodia (B): High-energy Char Briquettes for the Bottom of the Pyramid (referred as “Sgfe Cambodia” from here on) case study provides evaluation & decision scenario in field of Strategy & Execution. It also touches upon business topics such as - Value proposition, Social responsibility, Sustainability.

The net present value (NPV) of an investment proposal is the present value of the proposal’s net cash flows less the proposal’s initial cash outflow. If a project’s NPV is greater than or equal to zero, the project should be accepted.

NPV = Present Value of Future Cash Flows LESS Project’s Initial Investment

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Case Description of SGFE Cambodia (B): High-energy Char Briquettes for the Bottom of the Pyramid Case Study

Supplement to case IN1239. The case tells the story of SGFE Cambodia and its CEO, Carlo Figa Talamanca, in the period 2011-14. Talamanca has the opportunity to take over the struggling SGFE. Created by the NGO GERES to reduce deforestation in Cambodia, SGFE produces and sells char briquettes. They compete with traditional charcoal, which is mainly derived from illegal forest exploitation. Although superior, the briquettes are also more expensive, and are not well known by consumers. The question is how to penetrate the market at low cost, and how to position the products. Another question is whether SGFE can realistically achieve the social and environmental objectives of the company. Case B describes SGFE's subsequent commercial success. Getting the public to know the products was the major hurdle, but now that this step has been achieved, demand exceeds supply. Interestingly, it is the low-income vendors, at the bottom of the pyramid, who are the biggest consumers of this more expensive product. However, the social impact of SGFE is minimal and the deforestation of Cambodia continues.

Case Authors : Philip Parker, Xavier How-Choong

Topic : Strategy & Execution

Related Areas : Social responsibility, Sustainability

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Calculating Net Present Value (NPV) at 6% for SGFE Cambodia (B): High-energy Char Briquettes for the Bottom of the Pyramid Case Study

Years	Cash Flow	Net Cash Flow	Cumulative     Cash Flow	Discount Rate @ 6 %	Discounted Cash Flows
Year 0	(10021958)	-10021958	-	-
Year 1	3454971	-6566987	3454971	0.9434	3259407
Year 2	3959823	-2607164	7414794	0.89	3524228
Year 3	3966205	1359041	11380999	0.8396	3330102
Year 4	3222504	4581545	14603503	0.7921	2552525
TOTAL			14603503		12666262

The Net Present Value at 6% discount rate is 2644304

In isolation the NPV number doesn't mean much but put in right context then it is one of the best method to evaluate project returns. In this article we will cover -

Different methods of capital budgeting

What is NPV & Formula of NPV,
How it is calculated,
How to use NPV number for project evaluation, and
Scenario Planning given risks and management priorities.

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Capital Budgeting Approaches

Methods of Capital Budgeting

There are four types of capital budgeting techniques that are widely used in the corporate world –

1. Payback Period
2. Net Present Value
3. Internal Rate of Return
4. Profitability Index

Apart from the Payback period method which is an additive method, rest of the methods are based on Discounted Cash Flow technique. Even though cash flow can be calculated based on the nature of the project, for the simplicity of the article we are assuming that all the expected cash flows are realized at the end of the year.

Discounted Cash Flow approaches provide a more objective basis for evaluating and selecting investment projects. They take into consideration both –

1. Timing of the expected cash flows – stockholders of Sgfe Cambodia have higher preference for cash returns over 4-5 years rather than 10-15 years given the nature of the volatility in the industry.
2. Magnitude of both incoming and outgoing cash flows – Projects can be capital intensive, time intensive, or both. Sgfe Cambodia shareholders have preference for diversified projects investment rather than prospective high income from a single capital intensive project.

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Formula and Steps to Calculate Net Present Value (NPV) of SGFE Cambodia (B): High-energy Char Briquettes for the Bottom of the Pyramid

NPV = Net Cash In Flowt1 / (1+r)t1 + Net Cash In Flowt2 / (1+r)t2 + … Net Cash In Flowtn / (1+r)tn
Less Net Cash Out Flowt0 / (1+r)t0

Where t = time period, in this case year 1, year 2 and so on.
r = discount rate or return that could be earned using other safe proposition such as fixed deposit or treasury bond rate. Net Cash In Flow – What the firm will get each year.
Net Cash Out Flow – What the firm needs to invest initially in the project.

Step 1 – Understand the nature of the project and calculate cash flow for each year.
Step 2 – Discount those cash flow based on the discount rate.
Step 3 – Add all the discounted cash flow.
Step 4 – Selection of the project

Why Strategy & Execution Managers need to know Financial Tools such as Net Present Value (NPV)?

In our daily workplace we often come across people and colleagues who are just focused on their core competency and targets they have to deliver. For example marketing managers at Sgfe Cambodia often design programs whose objective is to drive brand awareness and customer reach. But how that 30 point increase in brand awareness or 10 point increase in customer touch points will result into shareholders’ value is not specified.

To overcome such scenarios managers at Sgfe Cambodia needs to not only know the financial aspect of project management but also needs to have tools to integrate them into part of the project development and monitoring plan.

Calculating Net Present Value (NPV) at 15%

After working through various assumptions we reached a conclusion that risk is far higher than 6%. In a reasonably stable industry with weak competition - 15% discount rate can be a good benchmark.

Years	Cash Flow	Net Cash Flow	Cumulative     Cash Flow	Discount Rate @ 15 %	Discounted Cash Flows
Year 0	(10021958)	-10021958	-	-
Year 1	3454971	-6566987	3454971	0.8696	3004323
Year 2	3959823	-2607164	7414794	0.7561	2994195
Year 3	3966205	1359041	11380999	0.6575	2607844
Year 4	3222504	4581545	14603503	0.5718	1842477
TOTAL					10448839

The Net NPV after 4 years is 426881

(10448839 - 10021958 )

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Calculating Net Present Value (NPV) at 20%

If the risk component is high in the industry then we should go for a higher hurdle rate / discount rate of 20%.

Years	Cash Flow	Net Cash Flow	Cumulative     Cash Flow	Discount Rate @ 20 %	Discounted Cash Flows
Year 0	(10021958)	-10021958	-	-
Year 1	3454971	-6566987	3454971	0.8333	2879143
Year 2	3959823	-2607164	7414794	0.6944	2749877
Year 3	3966205	1359041	11380999	0.5787	2295258
Year 4	3222504	4581545	14603503	0.4823	1554063
TOTAL					9478340

The Net NPV after 4 years is -543618

At 20% discount rate the NPV is negative (9478340 - 10021958 ) so ideally we can't select the project if macro and micro factors don't allow financial managers of Sgfe Cambodia to discount cash flow at lower discount rates such as 15%.

Acceptance Criteria of a Project based on NPV

Simplest Approach – If the investment project of Sgfe Cambodia has a NPV value higher than Zero then finance managers at Sgfe Cambodia can ACCEPT the project, otherwise they can reject the project. This means that project will deliver higher returns over the period of time than any alternate investment strategy.

In theory if the required rate of return or discount rate is chosen correctly by finance managers at Sgfe Cambodia, then the stock price of the Sgfe Cambodia should change by same amount of the NPV. In real world we know that share price also reflects various other factors that can be related to both macro and micro environment.

In the same vein – accepting the project with zero NPV should result in stagnant share price. Finance managers use discount rates as a measure of risk components in the project execution process.

Sensitivity Analysis

Project selection is often a far more complex decision than just choosing it based on the NPV number. Finance managers at Sgfe Cambodia should conduct a sensitivity analysis to better understand not only the inherent risk of the projects but also how those risks can be either factored in or mitigated during the project execution. Sensitivity analysis helps in –

What are the key aspects of the projects that need to be monitored, refined, and retuned for continuous delivery of projected cash flows.

What are the uncertainties surrounding the project Initial Cash Outlay (ICO’s). ICO’s often have several different components such as land, machinery, building, and other equipment.

What will be a multi year spillover effect of various taxation regulations.

What can impact the cash flow of the project.

Understanding of risks involved in the project.

Some of the assumptions while using the Discounted Cash Flow Methods –

Projects are assumed to be Mutually Exclusive – This is seldom the came in modern day giant organizations where projects are often inter-related and rejecting a project solely based on NPV can result in sunk cost from a related project.

Independent projects have independent cash flows – As explained in the marketing project – though the project may look independent but in reality it is not as the brand awareness project can be closely associated with the spending on sales promotions and product specific advertising.

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Negotiation Strategy of SGFE Cambodia (B): High-energy Char Briquettes for the Bottom of the Pyramid

References & Further Readings

Philip Parker, Xavier How-Choong (2018), "SGFE Cambodia (B): High-energy Char Briquettes for the Bottom of the Pyramid Harvard Business Review Case Study. Published by HBR Publications.