×




Motor City: A Disruptive Business Model (A) Net Present Value (NPV) / MBA Resources

Introduction to Net Present Value (NPV) - What is Net Present Value (NPV) ? How it impacts financial decisions regarding project management?

NPV solution for Motor City: A Disruptive Business Model (A) case study


At Oak Spring University, we provide corporate level professional Net Present Value (NPV) case study solution. Motor City: A Disruptive Business Model (A) case study is a Harvard Business School (HBR) case study written by Edward D. Hess. The Motor City: A Disruptive Business Model (A) (referred as “Motor Uv2045” from here on) case study provides evaluation & decision scenario in field of Finance & Accounting. It also touches upon business topics such as - Value proposition, Financial management.

The net present value (NPV) of an investment proposal is the present value of the proposal’s net cash flows less the proposal’s initial cash outflow. If a project’s NPV is greater than or equal to zero, the project should be accepted.

NPV = Present Value of Future Cash Flows LESS Project’s Initial Investment






Case Description of Motor City: A Disruptive Business Model (A) Case Study


This case is appropriate for teaching in entrepreneurship, strategy, marketing, and finance courses. Motor City is the business brainchild of an absentee owner. It is a new business model for selling used cars and requires a senior management familiar with the car industry. Some issues are: How should the management be compensated to align interests with the owner? Stock ownership, phantom stock ownership, profit sharing? The B case [UV2045] raises such issues as matching the pace of growth with available cash flow.


Case Authors : Edward D. Hess

Topic : Finance & Accounting

Related Areas : Financial management




Calculating Net Present Value (NPV) at 6% for Motor City: A Disruptive Business Model (A) Case Study


Years              Cash Flow     Net Cash Flow     Cumulative    
Cash Flow
Discount Rate
@ 6 %
Discounted
Cash Flows
Year 0 (10006240) -10006240 - -
Year 1 3461010 -6545230 3461010 0.9434 3265104
Year 2 3977389 -2567841 7438399 0.89 3539862
Year 3 3965753 1397912 11404152 0.8396 3329723
Year 4 3248078 4645990 14652230 0.7921 2572782
TOTAL 14652230 12707471




The Net Present Value at 6% discount rate is 2701231

In isolation the NPV number doesn't mean much but put in right context then it is one of the best method to evaluate project returns. In this article we will cover -

Different methods of capital budgeting


What is NPV & Formula of NPV,
How it is calculated,
How to use NPV number for project evaluation, and
Scenario Planning given risks and management priorities.




Capital Budgeting Approaches

Methods of Capital Budgeting


There are four types of capital budgeting techniques that are widely used in the corporate world –

1. Payback Period
2. Net Present Value
3. Internal Rate of Return
4. Profitability Index

Apart from the Payback period method which is an additive method, rest of the methods are based on Discounted Cash Flow technique. Even though cash flow can be calculated based on the nature of the project, for the simplicity of the article we are assuming that all the expected cash flows are realized at the end of the year.

Discounted Cash Flow approaches provide a more objective basis for evaluating and selecting investment projects. They take into consideration both –

1. Timing of the expected cash flows – stockholders of Motor Uv2045 have higher preference for cash returns over 4-5 years rather than 10-15 years given the nature of the volatility in the industry.
2. Magnitude of both incoming and outgoing cash flows – Projects can be capital intensive, time intensive, or both. Motor Uv2045 shareholders have preference for diversified projects investment rather than prospective high income from a single capital intensive project.






Formula and Steps to Calculate Net Present Value (NPV) of Motor City: A Disruptive Business Model (A)

NPV = Net Cash In Flowt1 / (1+r)t1 + Net Cash In Flowt2 / (1+r)t2 + … Net Cash In Flowtn / (1+r)tn
Less Net Cash Out Flowt0 / (1+r)t0

Where t = time period, in this case year 1, year 2 and so on.
r = discount rate or return that could be earned using other safe proposition such as fixed deposit or treasury bond rate. Net Cash In Flow – What the firm will get each year.
Net Cash Out Flow – What the firm needs to invest initially in the project.

Step 1 – Understand the nature of the project and calculate cash flow for each year.
Step 2 – Discount those cash flow based on the discount rate.
Step 3 – Add all the discounted cash flow.
Step 4 – Selection of the project

Why Finance & Accounting Managers need to know Financial Tools such as Net Present Value (NPV)?

In our daily workplace we often come across people and colleagues who are just focused on their core competency and targets they have to deliver. For example marketing managers at Motor Uv2045 often design programs whose objective is to drive brand awareness and customer reach. But how that 30 point increase in brand awareness or 10 point increase in customer touch points will result into shareholders’ value is not specified.

To overcome such scenarios managers at Motor Uv2045 needs to not only know the financial aspect of project management but also needs to have tools to integrate them into part of the project development and monitoring plan.

Calculating Net Present Value (NPV) at 15%

After working through various assumptions we reached a conclusion that risk is far higher than 6%. In a reasonably stable industry with weak competition - 15% discount rate can be a good benchmark.



Years              Cash Flow     Net Cash Flow     Cumulative    
Cash Flow
Discount Rate
@ 15 %
Discounted
Cash Flows
Year 0 (10006240) -10006240 - -
Year 1 3461010 -6545230 3461010 0.8696 3009574
Year 2 3977389 -2567841 7438399 0.7561 3007478
Year 3 3965753 1397912 11404152 0.6575 2607547
Year 4 3248078 4645990 14652230 0.5718 1857099
TOTAL 10481698


The Net NPV after 4 years is 475458

(10481698 - 10006240 )








Calculating Net Present Value (NPV) at 20%


If the risk component is high in the industry then we should go for a higher hurdle rate / discount rate of 20%.

Years              Cash Flow     Net Cash Flow     Cumulative    
Cash Flow
Discount Rate
@ 20 %
Discounted
Cash Flows
Year 0 (10006240) -10006240 - -
Year 1 3461010 -6545230 3461010 0.8333 2884175
Year 2 3977389 -2567841 7438399 0.6944 2762076
Year 3 3965753 1397912 11404152 0.5787 2294996
Year 4 3248078 4645990 14652230 0.4823 1566396
TOTAL 9507642


The Net NPV after 4 years is -498598

At 20% discount rate the NPV is negative (9507642 - 10006240 ) so ideally we can't select the project if macro and micro factors don't allow financial managers of Motor Uv2045 to discount cash flow at lower discount rates such as 15%.





Acceptance Criteria of a Project based on NPV

Simplest Approach – If the investment project of Motor Uv2045 has a NPV value higher than Zero then finance managers at Motor Uv2045 can ACCEPT the project, otherwise they can reject the project. This means that project will deliver higher returns over the period of time than any alternate investment strategy.

In theory if the required rate of return or discount rate is chosen correctly by finance managers at Motor Uv2045, then the stock price of the Motor Uv2045 should change by same amount of the NPV. In real world we know that share price also reflects various other factors that can be related to both macro and micro environment.

In the same vein – accepting the project with zero NPV should result in stagnant share price. Finance managers use discount rates as a measure of risk components in the project execution process.

Sensitivity Analysis

Project selection is often a far more complex decision than just choosing it based on the NPV number. Finance managers at Motor Uv2045 should conduct a sensitivity analysis to better understand not only the inherent risk of the projects but also how those risks can be either factored in or mitigated during the project execution. Sensitivity analysis helps in –

What can impact the cash flow of the project.

What are the key aspects of the projects that need to be monitored, refined, and retuned for continuous delivery of projected cash flows.

Understanding of risks involved in the project.

What are the uncertainties surrounding the project Initial Cash Outlay (ICO’s). ICO’s often have several different components such as land, machinery, building, and other equipment.

What will be a multi year spillover effect of various taxation regulations.

Some of the assumptions while using the Discounted Cash Flow Methods –

Projects are assumed to be Mutually Exclusive – This is seldom the came in modern day giant organizations where projects are often inter-related and rejecting a project solely based on NPV can result in sunk cost from a related project.

Independent projects have independent cash flows – As explained in the marketing project – though the project may look independent but in reality it is not as the brand awareness project can be closely associated with the spending on sales promotions and product specific advertising.






Negotiation Strategy of Motor City: A Disruptive Business Model (A)

References & Further Readings

Edward D. Hess (2018), "Motor City: A Disruptive Business Model (A) Harvard Business Review Case Study. Published by HBR Publications.


Techno Electric SWOT Analysis / TOWS Matrix

Capital Goods , Construction Services


Schnitzer SWOT Analysis / TOWS Matrix

Basic Materials , Iron & Steel


Korea Asset SWOT Analysis / TOWS Matrix

Financial , Misc. Financial Services


CBL & Associates SWOT Analysis / TOWS Matrix

Services , Real Estate Operations


LongFin SWOT Analysis / TOWS Matrix

Financial , Investment Services


ENCE SWOT Analysis / TOWS Matrix

Basic Materials , Paper & Paper Products


China South Media SWOT Analysis / TOWS Matrix

Services , Printing & Publishing


Amper SWOT Analysis / TOWS Matrix

Technology , Communications Equipment


LivaNova PLC SWOT Analysis / TOWS Matrix

Healthcare , Medical Equipment & Supplies


Varun Shipping SWOT Analysis / TOWS Matrix

Transportation , Water Transportation


Mcig Inc SWOT Analysis / TOWS Matrix

Consumer/Non-Cyclical , Tobacco


ACADIA SWOT Analysis / TOWS Matrix

Healthcare , Biotechnology & Drugs