Bega Cheese: Bidding to Bring Vegemite Back Home Net Present Value (NPV) / MBA Resources

Introduction to Net Present Value (NPV) - What is Net Present Value (NPV) ? How it impacts financial decisions regarding project management?

NPV solution for Bega Cheese: Bidding to Bring Vegemite Back Home case study

At Oak Spring University, we provide corporate level professional Net Present Value (NPV) case study solution. Bega Cheese: Bidding to Bring Vegemite Back Home case study is a Harvard Business School (HBR) case study written by Benjamin C. Esty, Lauren G. Pickle. The Bega Cheese: Bidding to Bring Vegemite Back Home (referred as “Bega Vegemite” from here on) case study provides evaluation & decision scenario in field of Finance & Accounting. It also touches upon business topics such as - Value proposition, Branding, Financial analysis, Financial management, Growth strategy, Mergers & acquisitions, Negotiations, Risk management.

The net present value (NPV) of an investment proposal is the present value of the proposal’s net cash flows less the proposal’s initial cash outflow. If a project’s NPV is greater than or equal to zero, the project should be accepted.

NPV = Present Value of Future Cash Flows LESS Project’s Initial Investment

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Case Description of Bega Cheese: Bidding to Bring Vegemite Back Home Case Study

In January 2017, the leadership team of Bega Cheese-the Australian dairy company-was considering a bid for MondelA?z International's Australia and New Zealand (ANZ) grocery business which included several leading consumer brands such as Vegemite, the iconic Australian spread. The team must decide whether to bid for the division and, if so, how much to offer and how to finance the all-cash bid. Making these decisions was difficult because this would be Bega's largest acquisition ever and it would extend the firm outside of its core dairy business. In addition to the valuation and financing issues, the leadership team must decide whether shifting from the firm's current B2B business model (manufacturing and processing dairy products) to more of a B2C business model (a producer of branded consumer foods) made sense strategically.

Case Authors : Benjamin C. Esty, Lauren G. Pickle

Topic : Finance & Accounting

Related Areas : Branding, Financial analysis, Financial management, Growth strategy, Mergers & acquisitions, Negotiations, Risk management

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Calculating Net Present Value (NPV) at 6% for Bega Cheese: Bidding to Bring Vegemite Back Home Case Study

Years	Cash Flow	Net Cash Flow	Cumulative     Cash Flow	Discount Rate @ 6 %	Discounted Cash Flows
Year 0	(10009047)	-10009047	-	-
Year 1	3464225	-6544822	3464225	0.9434	3268137
Year 2	3973926	-2570896	7438151	0.89	3536780
Year 3	3950342	1379446	11388493	0.8396	3316783
Year 4	3231008	4610454	14619501	0.7921	2559261
TOTAL			14619501		12680961

The Net Present Value at 6% discount rate is 2671914

In isolation the NPV number doesn't mean much but put in right context then it is one of the best method to evaluate project returns. In this article we will cover -

Different methods of capital budgeting

What is NPV & Formula of NPV,
How it is calculated,
How to use NPV number for project evaluation, and
Scenario Planning given risks and management priorities.

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Capital Budgeting Approaches

Methods of Capital Budgeting

There are four types of capital budgeting techniques that are widely used in the corporate world –

1. Internal Rate of Return
2. Payback Period
3. Profitability Index
4. Net Present Value

Apart from the Payback period method which is an additive method, rest of the methods are based on Discounted Cash Flow technique. Even though cash flow can be calculated based on the nature of the project, for the simplicity of the article we are assuming that all the expected cash flows are realized at the end of the year.

Discounted Cash Flow approaches provide a more objective basis for evaluating and selecting investment projects. They take into consideration both –

1. Magnitude of both incoming and outgoing cash flows – Projects can be capital intensive, time intensive, or both. Bega Vegemite shareholders have preference for diversified projects investment rather than prospective high income from a single capital intensive project.
2. Timing of the expected cash flows – stockholders of Bega Vegemite have higher preference for cash returns over 4-5 years rather than 10-15 years given the nature of the volatility in the industry.

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Formula and Steps to Calculate Net Present Value (NPV) of Bega Cheese: Bidding to Bring Vegemite Back Home

NPV = Net Cash In Flowt1 / (1+r)t1 + Net Cash In Flowt2 / (1+r)t2 + … Net Cash In Flowtn / (1+r)tn
Less Net Cash Out Flowt0 / (1+r)t0

Where t = time period, in this case year 1, year 2 and so on.
r = discount rate or return that could be earned using other safe proposition such as fixed deposit or treasury bond rate. Net Cash In Flow – What the firm will get each year.
Net Cash Out Flow – What the firm needs to invest initially in the project.

Step 1 – Understand the nature of the project and calculate cash flow for each year.
Step 2 – Discount those cash flow based on the discount rate.
Step 3 – Add all the discounted cash flow.
Step 4 – Selection of the project

Why Finance & Accounting Managers need to know Financial Tools such as Net Present Value (NPV)?

In our daily workplace we often come across people and colleagues who are just focused on their core competency and targets they have to deliver. For example marketing managers at Bega Vegemite often design programs whose objective is to drive brand awareness and customer reach. But how that 30 point increase in brand awareness or 10 point increase in customer touch points will result into shareholders’ value is not specified.

To overcome such scenarios managers at Bega Vegemite needs to not only know the financial aspect of project management but also needs to have tools to integrate them into part of the project development and monitoring plan.

Calculating Net Present Value (NPV) at 15%

After working through various assumptions we reached a conclusion that risk is far higher than 6%. In a reasonably stable industry with weak competition - 15% discount rate can be a good benchmark.

Years	Cash Flow	Net Cash Flow	Cumulative     Cash Flow	Discount Rate @ 15 %	Discounted Cash Flows
Year 0	(10009047)	-10009047	-	-
Year 1	3464225	-6544822	3464225	0.8696	3012370
Year 2	3973926	-2570896	7438151	0.7561	3004859
Year 3	3950342	1379446	11388493	0.6575	2597414
Year 4	3231008	4610454	14619501	0.5718	1847339
TOTAL					10461982

The Net NPV after 4 years is 452935

(10461982 - 10009047 )

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Calculating Net Present Value (NPV) at 20%

If the risk component is high in the industry then we should go for a higher hurdle rate / discount rate of 20%.

Years	Cash Flow	Net Cash Flow	Cumulative     Cash Flow	Discount Rate @ 20 %	Discounted Cash Flows
Year 0	(10009047)	-10009047	-	-
Year 1	3464225	-6544822	3464225	0.8333	2886854
Year 2	3973926	-2570896	7438151	0.6944	2759671
Year 3	3950342	1379446	11388493	0.5787	2286078
Year 4	3231008	4610454	14619501	0.4823	1558164
TOTAL					9490766

The Net NPV after 4 years is -518281

At 20% discount rate the NPV is negative (9490766 - 10009047 ) so ideally we can't select the project if macro and micro factors don't allow financial managers of Bega Vegemite to discount cash flow at lower discount rates such as 15%.

Acceptance Criteria of a Project based on NPV

Simplest Approach – If the investment project of Bega Vegemite has a NPV value higher than Zero then finance managers at Bega Vegemite can ACCEPT the project, otherwise they can reject the project. This means that project will deliver higher returns over the period of time than any alternate investment strategy.

In theory if the required rate of return or discount rate is chosen correctly by finance managers at Bega Vegemite, then the stock price of the Bega Vegemite should change by same amount of the NPV. In real world we know that share price also reflects various other factors that can be related to both macro and micro environment.

In the same vein – accepting the project with zero NPV should result in stagnant share price. Finance managers use discount rates as a measure of risk components in the project execution process.

Sensitivity Analysis

Project selection is often a far more complex decision than just choosing it based on the NPV number. Finance managers at Bega Vegemite should conduct a sensitivity analysis to better understand not only the inherent risk of the projects but also how those risks can be either factored in or mitigated during the project execution. Sensitivity analysis helps in –

What will be a multi year spillover effect of various taxation regulations.

What are the uncertainties surrounding the project Initial Cash Outlay (ICO’s). ICO’s often have several different components such as land, machinery, building, and other equipment.

Understanding of risks involved in the project.

What are the key aspects of the projects that need to be monitored, refined, and retuned for continuous delivery of projected cash flows.

What can impact the cash flow of the project.

Some of the assumptions while using the Discounted Cash Flow Methods –

Projects are assumed to be Mutually Exclusive – This is seldom the came in modern day giant organizations where projects are often inter-related and rejecting a project solely based on NPV can result in sunk cost from a related project.

Independent projects have independent cash flows – As explained in the marketing project – though the project may look independent but in reality it is not as the brand awareness project can be closely associated with the spending on sales promotions and product specific advertising.

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Negotiation Strategy of Bega Cheese: Bidding to Bring Vegemite Back Home

References & Further Readings

Benjamin C. Esty, Lauren G. Pickle (2018), "Bega Cheese: Bidding to Bring Vegemite Back Home Harvard Business Review Case Study. Published by HBR Publications.