Israel Electric Corporation: Pursuing Cleaner Energy Net Present Value (NPV) / MBA Resources

Introduction to Net Present Value (NPV) - What is Net Present Value (NPV) ? How it impacts financial decisions regarding project management?

NPV solution for Israel Electric Corporation: Pursuing Cleaner Energy case study

At Oak Spring University, we provide corporate level professional Net Present Value (NPV) case study solution. Israel Electric Corporation: Pursuing Cleaner Energy case study is a Harvard Business School (HBR) case study written by Marcus Beaudry, Ahmad Rahnema. The Israel Electric Corporation: Pursuing Cleaner Energy (referred as “Iec Israel” from here on) case study provides evaluation & decision scenario in field of Leadership & Managing People. It also touches upon business topics such as - Value proposition, .

The net present value (NPV) of an investment proposal is the present value of the proposal’s net cash flows less the proposal’s initial cash outflow. If a project’s NPV is greater than or equal to zero, the project should be accepted.

NPV = Present Value of Future Cash Flows LESS Project’s Initial Investment

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Case Description of Israel Electric Corporation: Pursuing Cleaner Energy Case Study

The Israel Electric Corporation (IEC) has faced some expensive electricity generation situations in the past, often caused by regional political issues. The electrical grid in Israel is well-established, though many portions of it are aging and now too small for some of the regions they serve. When local demand exceeds the transmission line's supply capacity, electricity must be generated locally. Most local generators run off diesel fuel and, because of the fuel's rising cost and the excise tax imposed on it, the IEC thought it best to investigate alternative solutions that would be both cheaper and more environmentally friendly. Furthermore, the unstable geopolitical situation in the Middle East has provided Israel with motivation to become less tied to the region for its energy needs.The case is written from the IEC perspective, with some information included about its methanol supplier and technical partner, Dor Chemicals.

Case Authors : Marcus Beaudry, Ahmad Rahnema

Topic : Leadership & Managing People

Related Areas :

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Calculating Net Present Value (NPV) at 6% for Israel Electric Corporation: Pursuing Cleaner Energy Case Study

Years	Cash Flow	Net Cash Flow	Cumulative     Cash Flow	Discount Rate @ 6 %	Discounted Cash Flows
Year 0	(10025179)	-10025179	-	-
Year 1	3446268	-6578911	3446268	0.9434	3251196
Year 2	3965661	-2613250	7411929	0.89	3529424
Year 3	3949715	1336465	11361644	0.8396	3316257
Year 4	3226464	4562929	14588108	0.7921	2555662
TOTAL			14588108		12652539

The Net Present Value at 6% discount rate is 2627360

In isolation the NPV number doesn't mean much but put in right context then it is one of the best method to evaluate project returns. In this article we will cover -

Different methods of capital budgeting

What is NPV & Formula of NPV,
How it is calculated,
How to use NPV number for project evaluation, and
Scenario Planning given risks and management priorities.

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Capital Budgeting Approaches

Methods of Capital Budgeting

There are four types of capital budgeting techniques that are widely used in the corporate world –

1. Internal Rate of Return
2. Net Present Value
3. Profitability Index
4. Payback Period

Apart from the Payback period method which is an additive method, rest of the methods are based on Discounted Cash Flow technique. Even though cash flow can be calculated based on the nature of the project, for the simplicity of the article we are assuming that all the expected cash flows are realized at the end of the year.

Discounted Cash Flow approaches provide a more objective basis for evaluating and selecting investment projects. They take into consideration both –

1. Magnitude of both incoming and outgoing cash flows – Projects can be capital intensive, time intensive, or both. Iec Israel shareholders have preference for diversified projects investment rather than prospective high income from a single capital intensive project.
2. Timing of the expected cash flows – stockholders of Iec Israel have higher preference for cash returns over 4-5 years rather than 10-15 years given the nature of the volatility in the industry.

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Formula and Steps to Calculate Net Present Value (NPV) of Israel Electric Corporation: Pursuing Cleaner Energy

NPV = Net Cash In Flowt1 / (1+r)t1 + Net Cash In Flowt2 / (1+r)t2 + … Net Cash In Flowtn / (1+r)tn
Less Net Cash Out Flowt0 / (1+r)t0

Where t = time period, in this case year 1, year 2 and so on.
r = discount rate or return that could be earned using other safe proposition such as fixed deposit or treasury bond rate. Net Cash In Flow – What the firm will get each year.
Net Cash Out Flow – What the firm needs to invest initially in the project.

Step 1 – Understand the nature of the project and calculate cash flow for each year.
Step 2 – Discount those cash flow based on the discount rate.
Step 3 – Add all the discounted cash flow.
Step 4 – Selection of the project

Why Leadership & Managing People Managers need to know Financial Tools such as Net Present Value (NPV)?

In our daily workplace we often come across people and colleagues who are just focused on their core competency and targets they have to deliver. For example marketing managers at Iec Israel often design programs whose objective is to drive brand awareness and customer reach. But how that 30 point increase in brand awareness or 10 point increase in customer touch points will result into shareholders’ value is not specified.

To overcome such scenarios managers at Iec Israel needs to not only know the financial aspect of project management but also needs to have tools to integrate them into part of the project development and monitoring plan.

Calculating Net Present Value (NPV) at 15%

After working through various assumptions we reached a conclusion that risk is far higher than 6%. In a reasonably stable industry with weak competition - 15% discount rate can be a good benchmark.

Years	Cash Flow	Net Cash Flow	Cumulative     Cash Flow	Discount Rate @ 15 %	Discounted Cash Flows
Year 0	(10025179)	-10025179	-	-
Year 1	3446268	-6578911	3446268	0.8696	2996755
Year 2	3965661	-2613250	7411929	0.7561	2998609
Year 3	3949715	1336465	11361644	0.6575	2597002
Year 4	3226464	4562929	14588108	0.5718	1844741
TOTAL					10437107

The Net NPV after 4 years is 411928

(10437107 - 10025179 )

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Calculating Net Present Value (NPV) at 20%

If the risk component is high in the industry then we should go for a higher hurdle rate / discount rate of 20%.

Years	Cash Flow	Net Cash Flow	Cumulative     Cash Flow	Discount Rate @ 20 %	Discounted Cash Flows
Year 0	(10025179)	-10025179	-	-
Year 1	3446268	-6578911	3446268	0.8333	2871890
Year 2	3965661	-2613250	7411929	0.6944	2753931
Year 3	3949715	1336465	11361644	0.5787	2285715
Year 4	3226464	4562929	14588108	0.4823	1555972
TOTAL					9467508

The Net NPV after 4 years is -557671

At 20% discount rate the NPV is negative (9467508 - 10025179 ) so ideally we can't select the project if macro and micro factors don't allow financial managers of Iec Israel to discount cash flow at lower discount rates such as 15%.

Acceptance Criteria of a Project based on NPV

Simplest Approach – If the investment project of Iec Israel has a NPV value higher than Zero then finance managers at Iec Israel can ACCEPT the project, otherwise they can reject the project. This means that project will deliver higher returns over the period of time than any alternate investment strategy.

In theory if the required rate of return or discount rate is chosen correctly by finance managers at Iec Israel, then the stock price of the Iec Israel should change by same amount of the NPV. In real world we know that share price also reflects various other factors that can be related to both macro and micro environment.

In the same vein – accepting the project with zero NPV should result in stagnant share price. Finance managers use discount rates as a measure of risk components in the project execution process.

Sensitivity Analysis

Project selection is often a far more complex decision than just choosing it based on the NPV number. Finance managers at Iec Israel should conduct a sensitivity analysis to better understand not only the inherent risk of the projects but also how those risks can be either factored in or mitigated during the project execution. Sensitivity analysis helps in –

What can impact the cash flow of the project.

What are the uncertainties surrounding the project Initial Cash Outlay (ICO’s). ICO’s often have several different components such as land, machinery, building, and other equipment.

Understanding of risks involved in the project.

What will be a multi year spillover effect of various taxation regulations.

What are the key aspects of the projects that need to be monitored, refined, and retuned for continuous delivery of projected cash flows.

Some of the assumptions while using the Discounted Cash Flow Methods –

Projects are assumed to be Mutually Exclusive – This is seldom the came in modern day giant organizations where projects are often inter-related and rejecting a project solely based on NPV can result in sunk cost from a related project.

Independent projects have independent cash flows – As explained in the marketing project – though the project may look independent but in reality it is not as the brand awareness project can be closely associated with the spending on sales promotions and product specific advertising.

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Negotiation Strategy of Israel Electric Corporation: Pursuing Cleaner Energy

References & Further Readings

Marcus Beaudry, Ahmad Rahnema (2018), "Israel Electric Corporation: Pursuing Cleaner Energy Harvard Business Review Case Study. Published by HBR Publications.