China or the World? A Financial Reporting Strategy for Hong Kong's Capital Markets Net Present Value (NPV) / MBA Resources

Introduction to Net Present Value (NPV) - What is Net Present Value (NPV) ? How it impacts financial decisions regarding project management?

NPV solution for China or the World? A Financial Reporting Strategy for Hong Kong's Capital Markets case study

At Oak Spring University, we provide corporate level professional Net Present Value (NPV) case study solution. China or the World? A Financial Reporting Strategy for Hong Kong's Capital Markets case study is a Harvard Business School (HBR) case study written by Karthik Ramanna, Gwen Yu, G.A. Donovan. The China or the World? A Financial Reporting Strategy for Hong Kong's Capital Markets (referred as “Hong Kong's” from here on) case study provides evaluation & decision scenario in field of Finance & Accounting. It also touches upon business topics such as - Value proposition, Competitive strategy, Corporate governance, Financial management, Globalization, Government.

The net present value (NPV) of an investment proposal is the present value of the proposal’s net cash flows less the proposal’s initial cash outflow. If a project’s NPV is greater than or equal to zero, the project should be accepted.

NPV = Present Value of Future Cash Flows LESS Project’s Initial Investment

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Case Description of China or the World? A Financial Reporting Strategy for Hong Kong's Capital Markets Case Study

Set in 2010, the case discusses the strategic directions Hong Kong could pursue, particularly vis-a-vis China, as it seeks to preserve its preeminence in the region. In 2010, the Hong Kong Exchange announced that it would allow listed Chinese companies to report using Chinese GAAP without reconciliation to IFRS The exchange was responding to the demands of its largely Chinese clientele and also coping with increased global competition to attract listings from Chinese companies. However, there were concerns around whether this change would undermine Hong Kong's position as a financial center in the long term. Hong Kong's position as a global financial powerhouse was due in part to its rigorous emphasis on compliance and enforcement; allowing companies to report under Chinese GAAP, the practice of which was highly variable, could compromise Hong Kong's high corporate governance standards.

Case Authors : Karthik Ramanna, Gwen Yu, G.A. Donovan

Topic : Finance & Accounting

Related Areas : Competitive strategy, Corporate governance, Financial management, Globalization, Government

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Calculating Net Present Value (NPV) at 6% for China or the World? A Financial Reporting Strategy for Hong Kong's Capital Markets Case Study

Years	Cash Flow	Net Cash Flow	Cumulative     Cash Flow	Discount Rate @ 6 %	Discounted Cash Flows
Year 0	(10017313)	-10017313	-	-
Year 1	3455617	-6561696	3455617	0.9434	3260016
Year 2	3978558	-2583138	7434175	0.89	3540902
Year 3	3969680	1386542	11403855	0.8396	3333020
Year 4	3230355	4616897	14634210	0.7921	2558744
TOTAL			14634210		12692682

The Net Present Value at 6% discount rate is 2675369

In isolation the NPV number doesn't mean much but put in right context then it is one of the best method to evaluate project returns. In this article we will cover -

Different methods of capital budgeting

What is NPV & Formula of NPV,
How it is calculated,
How to use NPV number for project evaluation, and
Scenario Planning given risks and management priorities.

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Capital Budgeting Approaches

Methods of Capital Budgeting

There are four types of capital budgeting techniques that are widely used in the corporate world –

1. Profitability Index
2. Net Present Value
3. Internal Rate of Return
4. Payback Period

Apart from the Payback period method which is an additive method, rest of the methods are based on Discounted Cash Flow technique. Even though cash flow can be calculated based on the nature of the project, for the simplicity of the article we are assuming that all the expected cash flows are realized at the end of the year.

Discounted Cash Flow approaches provide a more objective basis for evaluating and selecting investment projects. They take into consideration both –

1. Magnitude of both incoming and outgoing cash flows – Projects can be capital intensive, time intensive, or both. Hong Kong's shareholders have preference for diversified projects investment rather than prospective high income from a single capital intensive project.
2. Timing of the expected cash flows – stockholders of Hong Kong's have higher preference for cash returns over 4-5 years rather than 10-15 years given the nature of the volatility in the industry.

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Formula and Steps to Calculate Net Present Value (NPV) of China or the World? A Financial Reporting Strategy for Hong Kong's Capital Markets

NPV = Net Cash In Flowt1 / (1+r)t1 + Net Cash In Flowt2 / (1+r)t2 + … Net Cash In Flowtn / (1+r)tn
Less Net Cash Out Flowt0 / (1+r)t0

Where t = time period, in this case year 1, year 2 and so on.
r = discount rate or return that could be earned using other safe proposition such as fixed deposit or treasury bond rate. Net Cash In Flow – What the firm will get each year.
Net Cash Out Flow – What the firm needs to invest initially in the project.

Step 1 – Understand the nature of the project and calculate cash flow for each year.
Step 2 – Discount those cash flow based on the discount rate.
Step 3 – Add all the discounted cash flow.
Step 4 – Selection of the project

Why Finance & Accounting Managers need to know Financial Tools such as Net Present Value (NPV)?

In our daily workplace we often come across people and colleagues who are just focused on their core competency and targets they have to deliver. For example marketing managers at Hong Kong's often design programs whose objective is to drive brand awareness and customer reach. But how that 30 point increase in brand awareness or 10 point increase in customer touch points will result into shareholders’ value is not specified.

To overcome such scenarios managers at Hong Kong's needs to not only know the financial aspect of project management but also needs to have tools to integrate them into part of the project development and monitoring plan.

Calculating Net Present Value (NPV) at 15%

After working through various assumptions we reached a conclusion that risk is far higher than 6%. In a reasonably stable industry with weak competition - 15% discount rate can be a good benchmark.

Years	Cash Flow	Net Cash Flow	Cumulative     Cash Flow	Discount Rate @ 15 %	Discounted Cash Flows
Year 0	(10017313)	-10017313	-	-
Year 1	3455617	-6561696	3455617	0.8696	3004884
Year 2	3978558	-2583138	7434175	0.7561	3008361
Year 3	3969680	1386542	11403855	0.6575	2610129
Year 4	3230355	4616897	14634210	0.5718	1846966
TOTAL					10470341

The Net NPV after 4 years is 453028

(10470341 - 10017313 )

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Calculating Net Present Value (NPV) at 20%

If the risk component is high in the industry then we should go for a higher hurdle rate / discount rate of 20%.

Years	Cash Flow	Net Cash Flow	Cumulative     Cash Flow	Discount Rate @ 20 %	Discounted Cash Flows
Year 0	(10017313)	-10017313	-	-
Year 1	3455617	-6561696	3455617	0.8333	2879681
Year 2	3978558	-2583138	7434175	0.6944	2762888
Year 3	3969680	1386542	11403855	0.5787	2297269
Year 4	3230355	4616897	14634210	0.4823	1557849
TOTAL					9497686

The Net NPV after 4 years is -519627

At 20% discount rate the NPV is negative (9497686 - 10017313 ) so ideally we can't select the project if macro and micro factors don't allow financial managers of Hong Kong's to discount cash flow at lower discount rates such as 15%.

Acceptance Criteria of a Project based on NPV

Simplest Approach – If the investment project of Hong Kong's has a NPV value higher than Zero then finance managers at Hong Kong's can ACCEPT the project, otherwise they can reject the project. This means that project will deliver higher returns over the period of time than any alternate investment strategy.

In theory if the required rate of return or discount rate is chosen correctly by finance managers at Hong Kong's, then the stock price of the Hong Kong's should change by same amount of the NPV. In real world we know that share price also reflects various other factors that can be related to both macro and micro environment.

In the same vein – accepting the project with zero NPV should result in stagnant share price. Finance managers use discount rates as a measure of risk components in the project execution process.

Sensitivity Analysis

Project selection is often a far more complex decision than just choosing it based on the NPV number. Finance managers at Hong Kong's should conduct a sensitivity analysis to better understand not only the inherent risk of the projects but also how those risks can be either factored in or mitigated during the project execution. Sensitivity analysis helps in –

What are the key aspects of the projects that need to be monitored, refined, and retuned for continuous delivery of projected cash flows.

Understanding of risks involved in the project.

What are the uncertainties surrounding the project Initial Cash Outlay (ICO’s). ICO’s often have several different components such as land, machinery, building, and other equipment.

What will be a multi year spillover effect of various taxation regulations.

What can impact the cash flow of the project.

Some of the assumptions while using the Discounted Cash Flow Methods –

Projects are assumed to be Mutually Exclusive – This is seldom the came in modern day giant organizations where projects are often inter-related and rejecting a project solely based on NPV can result in sunk cost from a related project.

Independent projects have independent cash flows – As explained in the marketing project – though the project may look independent but in reality it is not as the brand awareness project can be closely associated with the spending on sales promotions and product specific advertising.

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Negotiation Strategy of China or the World? A Financial Reporting Strategy for Hong Kong's Capital Markets

References & Further Readings

Karthik Ramanna, Gwen Yu, G.A. Donovan (2018), "China or the World? A Financial Reporting Strategy for Hong Kong's Capital Markets Harvard Business Review Case Study. Published by HBR Publications.