Procter & Gamble Co.: Accounting for Organization 2005 Net Present Value (NPV) / MBA Resources

Introduction to Net Present Value (NPV) - What is Net Present Value (NPV) ? How it impacts financial decisions regarding project management?

NPV solution for Procter & Gamble Co.: Accounting for Organization 2005 case study

At Oak Spring University, we provide corporate level professional Net Present Value (NPV) case study solution. Procter & Gamble Co.: Accounting for Organization 2005 case study is a Harvard Business School (HBR) case study written by Mary E. Barth, Susan MacKenzie. The Procter & Gamble Co.: Accounting for Organization 2005 (referred as “Eitf Restructuring” from here on) case study provides evaluation & decision scenario in field of Finance & Accounting. It also touches upon business topics such as - Value proposition, Financial management, Reorganization.

The net present value (NPV) of an investment proposal is the present value of the proposal’s net cash flows less the proposal’s initial cash outflow. If a project’s NPV is greater than or equal to zero, the project should be accepted.

NPV = Present Value of Future Cash Flows LESS Project’s Initial Investment

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Case Description of Procter & Gamble Co.: Accounting for Organization 2005 Case Study

Since 1999, Procter & Gamble (P&G) had reported restructuring charges each quarter for Organization 2005, a five-year comprehensive corporate restructuring program. In 1995, the Financial Accounting Standards Board's Emerging Issues Task Force (EITF) issued a consensus opinion (EITF-94-3) that defined when certain restructuring costs could be recognized as a liability and specified increased financial statement disclosures. Yet, like other areas of accounting, there was considerable discretion in when and how a company could charge restructuring costs to earnings. In December 2001, P&G was halfway through Organization 2005. Should P&G management forecast the remaining costs of the program with enough detail to recognize a liability in FY 2002 for the balance of Organization 2005 charges? Or should it continue to recognize the remaining costs of the program each quarter as the program progressed? How should management exercise its discretion, and how should it explain the charges to investors?

Case Authors : Mary E. Barth, Susan MacKenzie

Topic : Finance & Accounting

Related Areas : Financial management, Reorganization

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Calculating Net Present Value (NPV) at 6% for Procter & Gamble Co.: Accounting for Organization 2005 Case Study

Years	Cash Flow	Net Cash Flow	Cumulative     Cash Flow	Discount Rate @ 6 %	Discounted Cash Flows
Year 0	(10006104)	-10006104	-	-
Year 1	3455132	-6550972	3455132	0.9434	3259558
Year 2	3976881	-2574091	7432013	0.89	3539410
Year 3	3962859	1388768	11394872	0.8396	3327293
Year 4	3231852	4620620	14626724	0.7921	2559929
TOTAL			14626724		12686191

The Net Present Value at 6% discount rate is 2680087

In isolation the NPV number doesn't mean much but put in right context then it is one of the best method to evaluate project returns. In this article we will cover -

Different methods of capital budgeting

What is NPV & Formula of NPV,
How it is calculated,
How to use NPV number for project evaluation, and
Scenario Planning given risks and management priorities.

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Capital Budgeting Approaches

Methods of Capital Budgeting

There are four types of capital budgeting techniques that are widely used in the corporate world –

1. Profitability Index
2. Internal Rate of Return
3. Payback Period
4. Net Present Value

Apart from the Payback period method which is an additive method, rest of the methods are based on Discounted Cash Flow technique. Even though cash flow can be calculated based on the nature of the project, for the simplicity of the article we are assuming that all the expected cash flows are realized at the end of the year.

Discounted Cash Flow approaches provide a more objective basis for evaluating and selecting investment projects. They take into consideration both –

1. Magnitude of both incoming and outgoing cash flows – Projects can be capital intensive, time intensive, or both. Eitf Restructuring shareholders have preference for diversified projects investment rather than prospective high income from a single capital intensive project.
2. Timing of the expected cash flows – stockholders of Eitf Restructuring have higher preference for cash returns over 4-5 years rather than 10-15 years given the nature of the volatility in the industry.

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Formula and Steps to Calculate Net Present Value (NPV) of Procter & Gamble Co.: Accounting for Organization 2005

NPV = Net Cash In Flowt1 / (1+r)t1 + Net Cash In Flowt2 / (1+r)t2 + … Net Cash In Flowtn / (1+r)tn
Less Net Cash Out Flowt0 / (1+r)t0

Where t = time period, in this case year 1, year 2 and so on.
r = discount rate or return that could be earned using other safe proposition such as fixed deposit or treasury bond rate. Net Cash In Flow – What the firm will get each year.
Net Cash Out Flow – What the firm needs to invest initially in the project.

Step 1 – Understand the nature of the project and calculate cash flow for each year.
Step 2 – Discount those cash flow based on the discount rate.
Step 3 – Add all the discounted cash flow.
Step 4 – Selection of the project

Why Finance & Accounting Managers need to know Financial Tools such as Net Present Value (NPV)?

In our daily workplace we often come across people and colleagues who are just focused on their core competency and targets they have to deliver. For example marketing managers at Eitf Restructuring often design programs whose objective is to drive brand awareness and customer reach. But how that 30 point increase in brand awareness or 10 point increase in customer touch points will result into shareholders’ value is not specified.

To overcome such scenarios managers at Eitf Restructuring needs to not only know the financial aspect of project management but also needs to have tools to integrate them into part of the project development and monitoring plan.

Calculating Net Present Value (NPV) at 15%

After working through various assumptions we reached a conclusion that risk is far higher than 6%. In a reasonably stable industry with weak competition - 15% discount rate can be a good benchmark.

Years	Cash Flow	Net Cash Flow	Cumulative     Cash Flow	Discount Rate @ 15 %	Discounted Cash Flows
Year 0	(10006104)	-10006104	-	-
Year 1	3455132	-6550972	3455132	0.8696	3004463
Year 2	3976881	-2574091	7432013	0.7561	3007093
Year 3	3962859	1388768	11394872	0.6575	2605644
Year 4	3231852	4620620	14626724	0.5718	1847822
TOTAL					10465022

The Net NPV after 4 years is 458918

(10465022 - 10006104 )

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Calculating Net Present Value (NPV) at 20%

If the risk component is high in the industry then we should go for a higher hurdle rate / discount rate of 20%.

Years	Cash Flow	Net Cash Flow	Cumulative     Cash Flow	Discount Rate @ 20 %	Discounted Cash Flows
Year 0	(10006104)	-10006104	-	-
Year 1	3455132	-6550972	3455132	0.8333	2879277
Year 2	3976881	-2574091	7432013	0.6944	2761723
Year 3	3962859	1388768	11394872	0.5787	2293321
Year 4	3231852	4620620	14626724	0.4823	1558571
TOTAL					9492891

The Net NPV after 4 years is -513213

At 20% discount rate the NPV is negative (9492891 - 10006104 ) so ideally we can't select the project if macro and micro factors don't allow financial managers of Eitf Restructuring to discount cash flow at lower discount rates such as 15%.

Acceptance Criteria of a Project based on NPV

Simplest Approach – If the investment project of Eitf Restructuring has a NPV value higher than Zero then finance managers at Eitf Restructuring can ACCEPT the project, otherwise they can reject the project. This means that project will deliver higher returns over the period of time than any alternate investment strategy.

In theory if the required rate of return or discount rate is chosen correctly by finance managers at Eitf Restructuring, then the stock price of the Eitf Restructuring should change by same amount of the NPV. In real world we know that share price also reflects various other factors that can be related to both macro and micro environment.

In the same vein – accepting the project with zero NPV should result in stagnant share price. Finance managers use discount rates as a measure of risk components in the project execution process.

Sensitivity Analysis

Project selection is often a far more complex decision than just choosing it based on the NPV number. Finance managers at Eitf Restructuring should conduct a sensitivity analysis to better understand not only the inherent risk of the projects but also how those risks can be either factored in or mitigated during the project execution. Sensitivity analysis helps in –

What are the key aspects of the projects that need to be monitored, refined, and retuned for continuous delivery of projected cash flows.

What are the uncertainties surrounding the project Initial Cash Outlay (ICO’s). ICO’s often have several different components such as land, machinery, building, and other equipment.

What can impact the cash flow of the project.

What will be a multi year spillover effect of various taxation regulations.

Understanding of risks involved in the project.

Some of the assumptions while using the Discounted Cash Flow Methods –

Projects are assumed to be Mutually Exclusive – This is seldom the came in modern day giant organizations where projects are often inter-related and rejecting a project solely based on NPV can result in sunk cost from a related project.

Independent projects have independent cash flows – As explained in the marketing project – though the project may look independent but in reality it is not as the brand awareness project can be closely associated with the spending on sales promotions and product specific advertising.

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Negotiation Strategy of Procter & Gamble Co.: Accounting for Organization 2005

References & Further Readings

Mary E. Barth, Susan MacKenzie (2018), "Procter & Gamble Co.: Accounting for Organization 2005 Harvard Business Review Case Study. Published by HBR Publications.