Merrimack Tractors and Mowers, Inc.: LIFO or FIFO? Net Present Value (NPV) / MBA Resources

Introduction to Net Present Value (NPV) - What is Net Present Value (NPV) ? How it impacts financial decisions regarding project management?

NPV solution for Merrimack Tractors and Mowers, Inc.: LIFO or FIFO? case study

At Oak Spring University, we provide corporate level professional Net Present Value (NPV) case study solution. Merrimack Tractors and Mowers, Inc.: LIFO or FIFO? case study is a Harvard Business School (HBR) case study written by William J. Bruns Jr., Sharon Bruns, Susan S. Harmeling. The Merrimack Tractors and Mowers, Inc.: LIFO or FIFO? (referred as “Merrimack Fifo” from here on) case study provides evaluation & decision scenario in field of Finance & Accounting. It also touches upon business topics such as - Value proposition, Financial management, Operations management.

The net present value (NPV) of an investment proposal is the present value of the proposal’s net cash flows less the proposal’s initial cash outflow. If a project’s NPV is greater than or equal to zero, the project should be accepted.

NPV = Present Value of Future Cash Flows LESS Project’s Initial Investment

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Case Description of Merrimack Tractors and Mowers, Inc.: LIFO or FIFO? Case Study

When students have the English-language PDF of this Brief Case in a coursepack, they will also have the option to purchase an audio version.At Merrimack Tractors and Mowers in 2008, product manufacturing costs are increasing faster than competitors' costs, and as a result earnings are likely to fall below those reported in 2007. The company president and the company controller have discussed this problem, and the controller has mentioned that if the company changed from LIFO to FIFO it might be possible to maintain earnings growth in 2008. He prepares a memo to the president explaining how inventory flow assumptions work and provides pro-forma income statements that show that, for one product (reel mower units), adopting FIFO would allow Merrimack to report higher income in 2008 than it did in 2007, but higher income taxes would have to be paid.

Case Authors : William J. Bruns Jr., Sharon Bruns, Susan S. Harmeling

Topic : Finance & Accounting

Related Areas : Financial management, Operations management

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Calculating Net Present Value (NPV) at 6% for Merrimack Tractors and Mowers, Inc.: LIFO or FIFO? Case Study

Years	Cash Flow	Net Cash Flow	Cumulative     Cash Flow	Discount Rate @ 6 %	Discounted Cash Flows
Year 0	(10022131)	-10022131	-	-
Year 1	3452740	-6569391	3452740	0.9434	3257302
Year 2	3975440	-2593951	7428180	0.89	3538127
Year 3	3965185	1371234	11393365	0.8396	3329246
Year 4	3241235	4612469	14634600	0.7921	2567362
TOTAL			14634600		12692037

The Net Present Value at 6% discount rate is 2669906

In isolation the NPV number doesn't mean much but put in right context then it is one of the best method to evaluate project returns. In this article we will cover -

Different methods of capital budgeting

What is NPV & Formula of NPV,
How it is calculated,
How to use NPV number for project evaluation, and
Scenario Planning given risks and management priorities.

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Capital Budgeting Approaches

Methods of Capital Budgeting

There are four types of capital budgeting techniques that are widely used in the corporate world –

1. Net Present Value
2. Profitability Index
3. Payback Period
4. Internal Rate of Return

Apart from the Payback period method which is an additive method, rest of the methods are based on Discounted Cash Flow technique. Even though cash flow can be calculated based on the nature of the project, for the simplicity of the article we are assuming that all the expected cash flows are realized at the end of the year.

Discounted Cash Flow approaches provide a more objective basis for evaluating and selecting investment projects. They take into consideration both –

1. Magnitude of both incoming and outgoing cash flows – Projects can be capital intensive, time intensive, or both. Merrimack Fifo shareholders have preference for diversified projects investment rather than prospective high income from a single capital intensive project.
2. Timing of the expected cash flows – stockholders of Merrimack Fifo have higher preference for cash returns over 4-5 years rather than 10-15 years given the nature of the volatility in the industry.

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Formula and Steps to Calculate Net Present Value (NPV) of Merrimack Tractors and Mowers, Inc.: LIFO or FIFO?

NPV = Net Cash In Flowt1 / (1+r)t1 + Net Cash In Flowt2 / (1+r)t2 + … Net Cash In Flowtn / (1+r)tn
Less Net Cash Out Flowt0 / (1+r)t0

Where t = time period, in this case year 1, year 2 and so on.
r = discount rate or return that could be earned using other safe proposition such as fixed deposit or treasury bond rate. Net Cash In Flow – What the firm will get each year.
Net Cash Out Flow – What the firm needs to invest initially in the project.

Step 1 – Understand the nature of the project and calculate cash flow for each year.
Step 2 – Discount those cash flow based on the discount rate.
Step 3 – Add all the discounted cash flow.
Step 4 – Selection of the project

Why Finance & Accounting Managers need to know Financial Tools such as Net Present Value (NPV)?

In our daily workplace we often come across people and colleagues who are just focused on their core competency and targets they have to deliver. For example marketing managers at Merrimack Fifo often design programs whose objective is to drive brand awareness and customer reach. But how that 30 point increase in brand awareness or 10 point increase in customer touch points will result into shareholders’ value is not specified.

To overcome such scenarios managers at Merrimack Fifo needs to not only know the financial aspect of project management but also needs to have tools to integrate them into part of the project development and monitoring plan.

Calculating Net Present Value (NPV) at 15%

After working through various assumptions we reached a conclusion that risk is far higher than 6%. In a reasonably stable industry with weak competition - 15% discount rate can be a good benchmark.

Years	Cash Flow	Net Cash Flow	Cumulative     Cash Flow	Discount Rate @ 15 %	Discounted Cash Flows
Year 0	(10022131)	-10022131	-	-
Year 1	3452740	-6569391	3452740	0.8696	3002383
Year 2	3975440	-2593951	7428180	0.7561	3006004
Year 3	3965185	1371234	11393365	0.6575	2607174
Year 4	3241235	4612469	14634600	0.5718	1853187
TOTAL					10468747

The Net NPV after 4 years is 446616

(10468747 - 10022131 )

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Calculating Net Present Value (NPV) at 20%

If the risk component is high in the industry then we should go for a higher hurdle rate / discount rate of 20%.

Years	Cash Flow	Net Cash Flow	Cumulative     Cash Flow	Discount Rate @ 20 %	Discounted Cash Flows
Year 0	(10022131)	-10022131	-	-
Year 1	3452740	-6569391	3452740	0.8333	2877283
Year 2	3975440	-2593951	7428180	0.6944	2760722
Year 3	3965185	1371234	11393365	0.5787	2294667
Year 4	3241235	4612469	14634600	0.4823	1563096
TOTAL					9495768

The Net NPV after 4 years is -526363

At 20% discount rate the NPV is negative (9495768 - 10022131 ) so ideally we can't select the project if macro and micro factors don't allow financial managers of Merrimack Fifo to discount cash flow at lower discount rates such as 15%.

Acceptance Criteria of a Project based on NPV

Simplest Approach – If the investment project of Merrimack Fifo has a NPV value higher than Zero then finance managers at Merrimack Fifo can ACCEPT the project, otherwise they can reject the project. This means that project will deliver higher returns over the period of time than any alternate investment strategy.

In theory if the required rate of return or discount rate is chosen correctly by finance managers at Merrimack Fifo, then the stock price of the Merrimack Fifo should change by same amount of the NPV. In real world we know that share price also reflects various other factors that can be related to both macro and micro environment.

In the same vein – accepting the project with zero NPV should result in stagnant share price. Finance managers use discount rates as a measure of risk components in the project execution process.

Sensitivity Analysis

Project selection is often a far more complex decision than just choosing it based on the NPV number. Finance managers at Merrimack Fifo should conduct a sensitivity analysis to better understand not only the inherent risk of the projects but also how those risks can be either factored in or mitigated during the project execution. Sensitivity analysis helps in –

What are the uncertainties surrounding the project Initial Cash Outlay (ICO’s). ICO’s often have several different components such as land, machinery, building, and other equipment.

Understanding of risks involved in the project.

What are the key aspects of the projects that need to be monitored, refined, and retuned for continuous delivery of projected cash flows.

What can impact the cash flow of the project.

What will be a multi year spillover effect of various taxation regulations.

Some of the assumptions while using the Discounted Cash Flow Methods –

Projects are assumed to be Mutually Exclusive – This is seldom the came in modern day giant organizations where projects are often inter-related and rejecting a project solely based on NPV can result in sunk cost from a related project.

Independent projects have independent cash flows – As explained in the marketing project – though the project may look independent but in reality it is not as the brand awareness project can be closely associated with the spending on sales promotions and product specific advertising.

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Negotiation Strategy of Merrimack Tractors and Mowers, Inc.: LIFO or FIFO?

References & Further Readings

William J. Bruns Jr., Sharon Bruns, Susan S. Harmeling (2018), "Merrimack Tractors and Mowers, Inc.: LIFO or FIFO? Harvard Business Review Case Study. Published by HBR Publications.