Las Vegas Sands Corp.: Betting on Growth Net Present Value (NPV) / MBA Resources

Introduction to Net Present Value (NPV) - What is Net Present Value (NPV) ? How it impacts financial decisions regarding project management?

NPV solution for Las Vegas Sands Corp.: Betting on Growth case study

At Oak Spring University, we provide corporate level professional Net Present Value (NPV) case study solution. Las Vegas Sands Corp.: Betting on Growth case study is a Harvard Business School (HBR) case study written by Jeroen Van Den Berg, Frederik Pretorius. The Las Vegas Sands Corp.: Betting on Growth (referred as “Vegas Las” from here on) case study provides evaluation & decision scenario in field of Finance & Accounting. It also touches upon business topics such as - Value proposition, .

The net present value (NPV) of an investment proposal is the present value of the proposal’s net cash flows less the proposal’s initial cash outflow. If a project’s NPV is greater than or equal to zero, the project should be accepted.

NPV = Present Value of Future Cash Flows LESS Project’s Initial Investment

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Case Description of Las Vegas Sands Corp.: Betting on Growth Case Study

In May 2004, Las Vegas Sands Corp. became the first to open a Western-style casino in the Chinese enclave of Macau. Run and owned in majority by Sheldon Adelson, Nevada-based Las Vegas Sands Corp. had pioneered the convention-driven business model in the Las Vegas gaming industry. As one of three new gaming license holders in Macau, Adelson was set to replicate the model in Macau and break the monopoly held by Stanley Ho's Sociedade de Turismo e Diversoes de Macau (STDM) for more than 40 years. By May 2005, Macau was experiencing construction frenzy. Billions of dollars worth of casinos, convention venues, and hotels were under development. Las Vegas Sands Corp. was one of the main instigators, with a US$1.8 billion casino resort under construction, as well as an interest in six hotel casino complexes. The company was also expanding its Las Vegas business with a US$1.6 billion casino resort next to its existing Las Vegas Venetian development.

Case Authors : Jeroen Van Den Berg, Frederik Pretorius

Topic : Finance & Accounting

Related Areas :

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Calculating Net Present Value (NPV) at 6% for Las Vegas Sands Corp.: Betting on Growth Case Study

Years	Cash Flow	Net Cash Flow	Cumulative     Cash Flow	Discount Rate @ 6 %	Discounted Cash Flows
Year 0	(10010907)	-10010907	-	-
Year 1	3443599	-6567308	3443599	0.9434	3248678
Year 2	3973970	-2593338	7417569	0.89	3536819
Year 3	3959143	1365805	11376712	0.8396	3324173
Year 4	3239583	4605388	14616295	0.7921	2566053
TOTAL			14616295		12675723

The Net Present Value at 6% discount rate is 2664816

In isolation the NPV number doesn't mean much but put in right context then it is one of the best method to evaluate project returns. In this article we will cover -

Different methods of capital budgeting

What is NPV & Formula of NPV,
How it is calculated,
How to use NPV number for project evaluation, and
Scenario Planning given risks and management priorities.

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Capital Budgeting Approaches

Methods of Capital Budgeting

There are four types of capital budgeting techniques that are widely used in the corporate world –

1. Net Present Value
2. Internal Rate of Return
3. Profitability Index
4. Payback Period

Apart from the Payback period method which is an additive method, rest of the methods are based on Discounted Cash Flow technique. Even though cash flow can be calculated based on the nature of the project, for the simplicity of the article we are assuming that all the expected cash flows are realized at the end of the year.

Discounted Cash Flow approaches provide a more objective basis for evaluating and selecting investment projects. They take into consideration both –

1. Magnitude of both incoming and outgoing cash flows – Projects can be capital intensive, time intensive, or both. Vegas Las shareholders have preference for diversified projects investment rather than prospective high income from a single capital intensive project.
2. Timing of the expected cash flows – stockholders of Vegas Las have higher preference for cash returns over 4-5 years rather than 10-15 years given the nature of the volatility in the industry.

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Formula and Steps to Calculate Net Present Value (NPV) of Las Vegas Sands Corp.: Betting on Growth

NPV = Net Cash In Flowt1 / (1+r)t1 + Net Cash In Flowt2 / (1+r)t2 + … Net Cash In Flowtn / (1+r)tn
Less Net Cash Out Flowt0 / (1+r)t0

Where t = time period, in this case year 1, year 2 and so on.
r = discount rate or return that could be earned using other safe proposition such as fixed deposit or treasury bond rate. Net Cash In Flow – What the firm will get each year.
Net Cash Out Flow – What the firm needs to invest initially in the project.

Step 1 – Understand the nature of the project and calculate cash flow for each year.
Step 2 – Discount those cash flow based on the discount rate.
Step 3 – Add all the discounted cash flow.
Step 4 – Selection of the project

Why Finance & Accounting Managers need to know Financial Tools such as Net Present Value (NPV)?

In our daily workplace we often come across people and colleagues who are just focused on their core competency and targets they have to deliver. For example marketing managers at Vegas Las often design programs whose objective is to drive brand awareness and customer reach. But how that 30 point increase in brand awareness or 10 point increase in customer touch points will result into shareholders’ value is not specified.

To overcome such scenarios managers at Vegas Las needs to not only know the financial aspect of project management but also needs to have tools to integrate them into part of the project development and monitoring plan.

Calculating Net Present Value (NPV) at 15%

After working through various assumptions we reached a conclusion that risk is far higher than 6%. In a reasonably stable industry with weak competition - 15% discount rate can be a good benchmark.

Years	Cash Flow	Net Cash Flow	Cumulative     Cash Flow	Discount Rate @ 15 %	Discounted Cash Flows
Year 0	(10010907)	-10010907	-	-
Year 1	3443599	-6567308	3443599	0.8696	2994434
Year 2	3973970	-2593338	7417569	0.7561	3004892
Year 3	3959143	1365805	11376712	0.6575	2603201
Year 4	3239583	4605388	14616295	0.5718	1852242
TOTAL					10454769

The Net NPV after 4 years is 443862

(10454769 - 10010907 )

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Calculating Net Present Value (NPV) at 20%

If the risk component is high in the industry then we should go for a higher hurdle rate / discount rate of 20%.

Years	Cash Flow	Net Cash Flow	Cumulative     Cash Flow	Discount Rate @ 20 %	Discounted Cash Flows
Year 0	(10010907)	-10010907	-	-
Year 1	3443599	-6567308	3443599	0.8333	2869666
Year 2	3973970	-2593338	7417569	0.6944	2759701
Year 3	3959143	1365805	11376712	0.5787	2291171
Year 4	3239583	4605388	14616295	0.4823	1562299
TOTAL					9482837

The Net NPV after 4 years is -528070

At 20% discount rate the NPV is negative (9482837 - 10010907 ) so ideally we can't select the project if macro and micro factors don't allow financial managers of Vegas Las to discount cash flow at lower discount rates such as 15%.

Acceptance Criteria of a Project based on NPV

Simplest Approach – If the investment project of Vegas Las has a NPV value higher than Zero then finance managers at Vegas Las can ACCEPT the project, otherwise they can reject the project. This means that project will deliver higher returns over the period of time than any alternate investment strategy.

In theory if the required rate of return or discount rate is chosen correctly by finance managers at Vegas Las, then the stock price of the Vegas Las should change by same amount of the NPV. In real world we know that share price also reflects various other factors that can be related to both macro and micro environment.

In the same vein – accepting the project with zero NPV should result in stagnant share price. Finance managers use discount rates as a measure of risk components in the project execution process.

Sensitivity Analysis

Project selection is often a far more complex decision than just choosing it based on the NPV number. Finance managers at Vegas Las should conduct a sensitivity analysis to better understand not only the inherent risk of the projects but also how those risks can be either factored in or mitigated during the project execution. Sensitivity analysis helps in –

What can impact the cash flow of the project.

What are the uncertainties surrounding the project Initial Cash Outlay (ICO’s). ICO’s often have several different components such as land, machinery, building, and other equipment.

What will be a multi year spillover effect of various taxation regulations.

Understanding of risks involved in the project.

What are the key aspects of the projects that need to be monitored, refined, and retuned for continuous delivery of projected cash flows.

Some of the assumptions while using the Discounted Cash Flow Methods –

Projects are assumed to be Mutually Exclusive – This is seldom the came in modern day giant organizations where projects are often inter-related and rejecting a project solely based on NPV can result in sunk cost from a related project.

Independent projects have independent cash flows – As explained in the marketing project – though the project may look independent but in reality it is not as the brand awareness project can be closely associated with the spending on sales promotions and product specific advertising.

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Negotiation Strategy of Las Vegas Sands Corp.: Betting on Growth

References & Further Readings

Jeroen Van Den Berg, Frederik Pretorius (2018), "Las Vegas Sands Corp.: Betting on Growth Harvard Business Review Case Study. Published by HBR Publications.