Swagruha Foods Net Present Value (NPV) / MBA Resources

Introduction to Net Present Value (NPV) - What is Net Present Value (NPV) ? How it impacts financial decisions regarding project management?

NPV solution for Swagruha Foods case study

At Oak Spring University, we provide corporate level professional Net Present Value (NPV) case study solution. Swagruha Foods case study is a Harvard Business School (HBR) case study written by S. Ramakrishna Velamuri, Neha Kaushik, Anant Jhawar, Anandram Narasimhan. The Swagruha Foods (referred as “Swagruha Smes” from here on) case study provides evaluation & decision scenario in field of Global Business. It also touches upon business topics such as - Value proposition, .

The net present value (NPV) of an investment proposal is the present value of the proposal’s net cash flows less the proposal’s initial cash outflow. If a project’s NPV is greater than or equal to zero, the project should be accepted.

NPV = Present Value of Future Cash Flows LESS Project’s Initial Investment

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Case Description of Swagruha Foods Case Study

This case has been developed to highlight the challenge facing many small and medium enterprises (SMEs) all over the world. Many SMEs have successfully overcome the initial survival challenge. They have a stable base of loyal customers, are able to command attractive prices, and have built up a reputation for good quality. Yet they are unable to grow beyond a certain point. Why? What must they do to overcome the growth challenge? Swagruha Foods is a good example of an SME that has enjoyed considerable success, thanks to the dedication and commitment of the Chagarlamudi family, as well as to the changing socio-economic situation in India. Yet, there are several indications that it is unable to fully exploit its growth opportunities. The case discussion will help students/participants appreciate the key growth constraints in SMEs and how to overcome them. This case can be taught in an entrepreneurship course, to highlight the growth challenges faced by entrepreneurs who have successfully overcome the threat of survival. It can also be taught in courses focused on SME development.

Case Authors : S. Ramakrishna Velamuri, Neha Kaushik, Anant Jhawar, Anandram Narasimhan

Topic : Global Business

Related Areas :

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Calculating Net Present Value (NPV) at 6% for Swagruha Foods Case Study

Years	Cash Flow	Net Cash Flow	Cumulative     Cash Flow	Discount Rate @ 6 %	Discounted Cash Flows
Year 0	(10014637)	-10014637	-	-
Year 1	3462492	-6552145	3462492	0.9434	3266502
Year 2	3977845	-2574300	7440337	0.89	3540268
Year 3	3974055	1399755	11414392	0.8396	3336693
Year 4	3229594	4629349	14643986	0.7921	2558141
TOTAL			14643986		12701604

The Net Present Value at 6% discount rate is 2686967

In isolation the NPV number doesn't mean much but put in right context then it is one of the best method to evaluate project returns. In this article we will cover -

Different methods of capital budgeting

What is NPV & Formula of NPV,
How it is calculated,
How to use NPV number for project evaluation, and
Scenario Planning given risks and management priorities.

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Capital Budgeting Approaches

Methods of Capital Budgeting

There are four types of capital budgeting techniques that are widely used in the corporate world –

1. Profitability Index
2. Internal Rate of Return
3. Net Present Value
4. Payback Period

Apart from the Payback period method which is an additive method, rest of the methods are based on Discounted Cash Flow technique. Even though cash flow can be calculated based on the nature of the project, for the simplicity of the article we are assuming that all the expected cash flows are realized at the end of the year.

Discounted Cash Flow approaches provide a more objective basis for evaluating and selecting investment projects. They take into consideration both –

1. Magnitude of both incoming and outgoing cash flows – Projects can be capital intensive, time intensive, or both. Swagruha Smes shareholders have preference for diversified projects investment rather than prospective high income from a single capital intensive project.
2. Timing of the expected cash flows – stockholders of Swagruha Smes have higher preference for cash returns over 4-5 years rather than 10-15 years given the nature of the volatility in the industry.

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Formula and Steps to Calculate Net Present Value (NPV) of Swagruha Foods

NPV = Net Cash In Flowt1 / (1+r)t1 + Net Cash In Flowt2 / (1+r)t2 + … Net Cash In Flowtn / (1+r)tn
Less Net Cash Out Flowt0 / (1+r)t0

Where t = time period, in this case year 1, year 2 and so on.
r = discount rate or return that could be earned using other safe proposition such as fixed deposit or treasury bond rate. Net Cash In Flow – What the firm will get each year.
Net Cash Out Flow – What the firm needs to invest initially in the project.

Step 1 – Understand the nature of the project and calculate cash flow for each year.
Step 2 – Discount those cash flow based on the discount rate.
Step 3 – Add all the discounted cash flow.
Step 4 – Selection of the project

Why Global Business Managers need to know Financial Tools such as Net Present Value (NPV)?

In our daily workplace we often come across people and colleagues who are just focused on their core competency and targets they have to deliver. For example marketing managers at Swagruha Smes often design programs whose objective is to drive brand awareness and customer reach. But how that 30 point increase in brand awareness or 10 point increase in customer touch points will result into shareholders’ value is not specified.

To overcome such scenarios managers at Swagruha Smes needs to not only know the financial aspect of project management but also needs to have tools to integrate them into part of the project development and monitoring plan.

Calculating Net Present Value (NPV) at 15%

After working through various assumptions we reached a conclusion that risk is far higher than 6%. In a reasonably stable industry with weak competition - 15% discount rate can be a good benchmark.

Years	Cash Flow	Net Cash Flow	Cumulative     Cash Flow	Discount Rate @ 15 %	Discounted Cash Flows
Year 0	(10014637)	-10014637	-	-
Year 1	3462492	-6552145	3462492	0.8696	3010863
Year 2	3977845	-2574300	7440337	0.7561	3007822
Year 3	3974055	1399755	11414392	0.6575	2613006
Year 4	3229594	4629349	14643986	0.5718	1846531
TOTAL					10478221

The Net NPV after 4 years is 463584

(10478221 - 10014637 )

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Calculating Net Present Value (NPV) at 20%

If the risk component is high in the industry then we should go for a higher hurdle rate / discount rate of 20%.

Years	Cash Flow	Net Cash Flow	Cumulative     Cash Flow	Discount Rate @ 20 %	Discounted Cash Flows
Year 0	(10014637)	-10014637	-	-
Year 1	3462492	-6552145	3462492	0.8333	2885410
Year 2	3977845	-2574300	7440337	0.6944	2762392
Year 3	3974055	1399755	11414392	0.5787	2299800
Year 4	3229594	4629349	14643986	0.4823	1557482
TOTAL					9505084

The Net NPV after 4 years is -509553

At 20% discount rate the NPV is negative (9505084 - 10014637 ) so ideally we can't select the project if macro and micro factors don't allow financial managers of Swagruha Smes to discount cash flow at lower discount rates such as 15%.

Acceptance Criteria of a Project based on NPV

Simplest Approach – If the investment project of Swagruha Smes has a NPV value higher than Zero then finance managers at Swagruha Smes can ACCEPT the project, otherwise they can reject the project. This means that project will deliver higher returns over the period of time than any alternate investment strategy.

In theory if the required rate of return or discount rate is chosen correctly by finance managers at Swagruha Smes, then the stock price of the Swagruha Smes should change by same amount of the NPV. In real world we know that share price also reflects various other factors that can be related to both macro and micro environment.

In the same vein – accepting the project with zero NPV should result in stagnant share price. Finance managers use discount rates as a measure of risk components in the project execution process.

Sensitivity Analysis

Project selection is often a far more complex decision than just choosing it based on the NPV number. Finance managers at Swagruha Smes should conduct a sensitivity analysis to better understand not only the inherent risk of the projects but also how those risks can be either factored in or mitigated during the project execution. Sensitivity analysis helps in –

What are the uncertainties surrounding the project Initial Cash Outlay (ICO’s). ICO’s often have several different components such as land, machinery, building, and other equipment.

What can impact the cash flow of the project.

Understanding of risks involved in the project.

What are the key aspects of the projects that need to be monitored, refined, and retuned for continuous delivery of projected cash flows.

What will be a multi year spillover effect of various taxation regulations.

Some of the assumptions while using the Discounted Cash Flow Methods –

Projects are assumed to be Mutually Exclusive – This is seldom the came in modern day giant organizations where projects are often inter-related and rejecting a project solely based on NPV can result in sunk cost from a related project.

Independent projects have independent cash flows – As explained in the marketing project – though the project may look independent but in reality it is not as the brand awareness project can be closely associated with the spending on sales promotions and product specific advertising.

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Negotiation Strategy of Swagruha Foods

References & Further Readings

S. Ramakrishna Velamuri, Neha Kaushik, Anant Jhawar, Anandram Narasimhan (2018), "Swagruha Foods Harvard Business Review Case Study. Published by HBR Publications.