Fundacion Pro Vivienda Social: The Entrepreneur's Network as a Source of Resources, Spanish Version Net Present Value (NPV) / MBA Resources

Introduction to Net Present Value (NPV) - What is Net Present Value (NPV) ? How it impacts financial decisions regarding project management?

NPV solution for Fundacion Pro Vivienda Social: The Entrepreneur's Network as a Source of Resources, Spanish Version case study

At Oak Spring University, we provide corporate level professional Net Present Value (NPV) case study solution. Fundacion Pro Vivienda Social: The Entrepreneur's Network as a Source of Resources, Spanish Version case study is a Harvard Business School (HBR) case study written by Sergio Postigo, Maria Fernanda Tamborini, Gabriela Bearzi, Gabriel Berger. The Fundacion Pro Vivienda Social: The Entrepreneur's Network as a Source of Resources, Spanish Version (referred as “Fpvs Lagos” from here on) case study provides evaluation & decision scenario in field of Innovation & Entrepreneurship. It also touches upon business topics such as - Value proposition, Decision making, Entrepreneurial finance, Managing uncertainty, Networking, Recession, Social responsibility.

The net present value (NPV) of an investment proposal is the present value of the proposal’s net cash flows less the proposal’s initial cash outflow. If a project’s NPV is greater than or equal to zero, the project should be accepted.

NPV = Present Value of Future Cash Flows LESS Project’s Initial Investment

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Case Description of Fundacion Pro Vivienda Social: The Entrepreneur's Network as a Source of Resources, Spanish Version Case Study

Describes the situation brought about by the severe economic and political crisis that swept Argentina at the end of 2001. The local situation had been gradually deteriorating since 1998, when the country slipped into an increasing recession and poverty indexes started climbing consistently. The crisis peaked when the federal government decided to freeze all bank accounts, further unnerving the general population. Fundacion Pro Vivienda Social (FPVS) began to feel the repercussions of the crisis: client numbers became stagnant in 1999, and its regular portfolio could no longer afford new loans. As the recession deepened, FPVS clients found it hard to make the required payments on their loans. The organization faced financial distress, and Raul Zavalia Lagos had to meet with its administrative council to discuss alternative solutions. Focuses on Lagos' role as social entrepreneur, describing his family background, previous experience, and ability to lead the FPVS project and build a network with a series of actors who provided the necessary funding, advice, and contacts. Also explains how FPVS started to respond in 1998 to the worsening local social and economic conditions by developing alternative programs to appeal to new borrowers. As these initiatives proved ineffective, the foundation turned to consider other projects, based on the demands voiced by the communities where it operated.

Case Authors : Sergio Postigo, Maria Fernanda Tamborini, Gabriela Bearzi, Gabriel Berger

Topic : Innovation & Entrepreneurship

Related Areas : Decision making, Entrepreneurial finance, Managing uncertainty, Networking, Recession, Social responsibility

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Calculating Net Present Value (NPV) at 6% for Fundacion Pro Vivienda Social: The Entrepreneur's Network as a Source of Resources, Spanish Version Case Study

Years	Cash Flow	Net Cash Flow	Cumulative     Cash Flow	Discount Rate @ 6 %	Discounted Cash Flows
Year 0	(10007330)	-10007330	-	-
Year 1	3447409	-6559921	3447409	0.9434	3252273
Year 2	3967044	-2592877	7414453	0.89	3530655
Year 3	3951577	1358700	11366030	0.8396	3317820
Year 4	3235113	4593813	14601143	0.7921	2562513
TOTAL			14601143		12663260

The Net Present Value at 6% discount rate is 2655930

In isolation the NPV number doesn't mean much but put in right context then it is one of the best method to evaluate project returns. In this article we will cover -

Different methods of capital budgeting

What is NPV & Formula of NPV,
How it is calculated,
How to use NPV number for project evaluation, and
Scenario Planning given risks and management priorities.

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Capital Budgeting Approaches

Methods of Capital Budgeting

There are four types of capital budgeting techniques that are widely used in the corporate world –

1. Payback Period
2. Net Present Value
3. Profitability Index
4. Internal Rate of Return

Apart from the Payback period method which is an additive method, rest of the methods are based on Discounted Cash Flow technique. Even though cash flow can be calculated based on the nature of the project, for the simplicity of the article we are assuming that all the expected cash flows are realized at the end of the year.

Discounted Cash Flow approaches provide a more objective basis for evaluating and selecting investment projects. They take into consideration both –

1. Timing of the expected cash flows – stockholders of Fpvs Lagos have higher preference for cash returns over 4-5 years rather than 10-15 years given the nature of the volatility in the industry.
2. Magnitude of both incoming and outgoing cash flows – Projects can be capital intensive, time intensive, or both. Fpvs Lagos shareholders have preference for diversified projects investment rather than prospective high income from a single capital intensive project.

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Formula and Steps to Calculate Net Present Value (NPV) of Fundacion Pro Vivienda Social: The Entrepreneur's Network as a Source of Resources, Spanish Version

NPV = Net Cash In Flowt1 / (1+r)t1 + Net Cash In Flowt2 / (1+r)t2 + … Net Cash In Flowtn / (1+r)tn
Less Net Cash Out Flowt0 / (1+r)t0

Where t = time period, in this case year 1, year 2 and so on.
r = discount rate or return that could be earned using other safe proposition such as fixed deposit or treasury bond rate. Net Cash In Flow – What the firm will get each year.
Net Cash Out Flow – What the firm needs to invest initially in the project.

Step 1 – Understand the nature of the project and calculate cash flow for each year.
Step 2 – Discount those cash flow based on the discount rate.
Step 3 – Add all the discounted cash flow.
Step 4 – Selection of the project

Why Innovation & Entrepreneurship Managers need to know Financial Tools such as Net Present Value (NPV)?

In our daily workplace we often come across people and colleagues who are just focused on their core competency and targets they have to deliver. For example marketing managers at Fpvs Lagos often design programs whose objective is to drive brand awareness and customer reach. But how that 30 point increase in brand awareness or 10 point increase in customer touch points will result into shareholders’ value is not specified.

To overcome such scenarios managers at Fpvs Lagos needs to not only know the financial aspect of project management but also needs to have tools to integrate them into part of the project development and monitoring plan.

Calculating Net Present Value (NPV) at 15%

After working through various assumptions we reached a conclusion that risk is far higher than 6%. In a reasonably stable industry with weak competition - 15% discount rate can be a good benchmark.

Years	Cash Flow	Net Cash Flow	Cumulative     Cash Flow	Discount Rate @ 15 %	Discounted Cash Flows
Year 0	(10007330)	-10007330	-	-
Year 1	3447409	-6559921	3447409	0.8696	2997747
Year 2	3967044	-2592877	7414453	0.7561	2999655
Year 3	3951577	1358700	11366030	0.6575	2598226
Year 4	3235113	4593813	14601143	0.5718	1849686
TOTAL					10445315

The Net NPV after 4 years is 437985

(10445315 - 10007330 )

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Calculating Net Present Value (NPV) at 20%

If the risk component is high in the industry then we should go for a higher hurdle rate / discount rate of 20%.

Years	Cash Flow	Net Cash Flow	Cumulative     Cash Flow	Discount Rate @ 20 %	Discounted Cash Flows
Year 0	(10007330)	-10007330	-	-
Year 1	3447409	-6559921	3447409	0.8333	2872841
Year 2	3967044	-2592877	7414453	0.6944	2754892
Year 3	3951577	1358700	11366030	0.5787	2286792
Year 4	3235113	4593813	14601143	0.4823	1560143
TOTAL					9474668

The Net NPV after 4 years is -532662

At 20% discount rate the NPV is negative (9474668 - 10007330 ) so ideally we can't select the project if macro and micro factors don't allow financial managers of Fpvs Lagos to discount cash flow at lower discount rates such as 15%.

Acceptance Criteria of a Project based on NPV

Simplest Approach – If the investment project of Fpvs Lagos has a NPV value higher than Zero then finance managers at Fpvs Lagos can ACCEPT the project, otherwise they can reject the project. This means that project will deliver higher returns over the period of time than any alternate investment strategy.

In theory if the required rate of return or discount rate is chosen correctly by finance managers at Fpvs Lagos, then the stock price of the Fpvs Lagos should change by same amount of the NPV. In real world we know that share price also reflects various other factors that can be related to both macro and micro environment.

In the same vein – accepting the project with zero NPV should result in stagnant share price. Finance managers use discount rates as a measure of risk components in the project execution process.

Sensitivity Analysis

Project selection is often a far more complex decision than just choosing it based on the NPV number. Finance managers at Fpvs Lagos should conduct a sensitivity analysis to better understand not only the inherent risk of the projects but also how those risks can be either factored in or mitigated during the project execution. Sensitivity analysis helps in –

What are the key aspects of the projects that need to be monitored, refined, and retuned for continuous delivery of projected cash flows.

Understanding of risks involved in the project.

What are the uncertainties surrounding the project Initial Cash Outlay (ICO’s). ICO’s often have several different components such as land, machinery, building, and other equipment.

What will be a multi year spillover effect of various taxation regulations.

What can impact the cash flow of the project.

Some of the assumptions while using the Discounted Cash Flow Methods –

Projects are assumed to be Mutually Exclusive – This is seldom the came in modern day giant organizations where projects are often inter-related and rejecting a project solely based on NPV can result in sunk cost from a related project.

Independent projects have independent cash flows – As explained in the marketing project – though the project may look independent but in reality it is not as the brand awareness project can be closely associated with the spending on sales promotions and product specific advertising.

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Negotiation Strategy of Fundacion Pro Vivienda Social: The Entrepreneur's Network as a Source of Resources, Spanish Version

References & Further Readings

Sergio Postigo, Maria Fernanda Tamborini, Gabriela Bearzi, Gabriel Berger (2018), "Fundacion Pro Vivienda Social: The Entrepreneur's Network as a Source of Resources, Spanish Version Harvard Business Review Case Study. Published by HBR Publications.