Amul Dairy: Camel Milk Launch in India Net Present Value (NPV) / MBA Resources

Introduction to Net Present Value (NPV) - What is Net Present Value (NPV) ? How it impacts financial decisions regarding project management?

NPV solution for Amul Dairy: Camel Milk Launch in India case study

At Oak Spring University, we provide corporate level professional Net Present Value (NPV) case study solution. Amul Dairy: Camel Milk Launch in India case study is a Harvard Business School (HBR) case study written by Sandeep Puri, Brij Mohan Taneja, Pratibha Gupta, Anirudh Menon. The Amul Dairy: Camel Milk Launch in India (referred as “Camel Amul” from here on) case study provides evaluation & decision scenario in field of Leadership & Managing People. It also touches upon business topics such as - Value proposition, International business, Product development, Strategy.

The net present value (NPV) of an investment proposal is the present value of the proposal’s net cash flows less the proposal’s initial cash outflow. If a project’s NPV is greater than or equal to zero, the project should be accepted.

NPV = Present Value of Future Cash Flows LESS Project’s Initial Investment

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Case Description of Amul Dairy: Camel Milk Launch in India Case Study

Amul Dairy, the market leader in the Indian milk industry, held its market position by pioneering several progressive initiatives and responding to consumer trends with continuous product development. Camel milk, a relatively new health-oriented dairy product, was being hailed as "white gold" and touted as a superfood in Australia and in some Western countries. Amul Dairy had an opportunity in 2015 to take advantage of changing consumer preferences and move ahead in the growing dairy market by launching the sale of camel milk in India. Should Amul Dairy enter the promising camel milk market? Given that Indian consumers were unaware of camel milk as a market product, how should Amul Dairy promote this unique product? How should the company leverage its substantial brand presence to overcome the challenges faced in the launch and distribution of camel milk? Sandeep Puri is affiliated with Institute of Management Technology, Ghaziabad. Brij Mohan Taneja is affiliated with Institute of Management Technology, Ghaziabad. Pratibha Gupta is affiliated with Institute of Management, Ghaziabad. Anirudh Menon is affiliated with Institute of Management, Ghaziabad.

Case Authors : Sandeep Puri, Brij Mohan Taneja, Pratibha Gupta, Anirudh Menon

Topic : Leadership & Managing People

Related Areas : International business, Product development, Strategy

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Calculating Net Present Value (NPV) at 6% for Amul Dairy: Camel Milk Launch in India Case Study

Years	Cash Flow	Net Cash Flow	Cumulative     Cash Flow	Discount Rate @ 6 %	Discounted Cash Flows
Year 0	(10001053)	-10001053	-	-
Year 1	3468247	-6532806	3468247	0.9434	3271931
Year 2	3976804	-2556002	7445051	0.89	3539341
Year 3	3953912	1397910	11398963	0.8396	3319781
Year 4	3228051	4625961	14627014	0.7921	2556919
TOTAL			14627014		12687972

The Net Present Value at 6% discount rate is 2686919

In isolation the NPV number doesn't mean much but put in right context then it is one of the best method to evaluate project returns. In this article we will cover -

Different methods of capital budgeting

What is NPV & Formula of NPV,
How it is calculated,
How to use NPV number for project evaluation, and
Scenario Planning given risks and management priorities.

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Capital Budgeting Approaches

Methods of Capital Budgeting

There are four types of capital budgeting techniques that are widely used in the corporate world –

1. Internal Rate of Return
2. Payback Period
3. Profitability Index
4. Net Present Value

Apart from the Payback period method which is an additive method, rest of the methods are based on Discounted Cash Flow technique. Even though cash flow can be calculated based on the nature of the project, for the simplicity of the article we are assuming that all the expected cash flows are realized at the end of the year.

Discounted Cash Flow approaches provide a more objective basis for evaluating and selecting investment projects. They take into consideration both –

1. Timing of the expected cash flows – stockholders of Camel Amul have higher preference for cash returns over 4-5 years rather than 10-15 years given the nature of the volatility in the industry.
2. Magnitude of both incoming and outgoing cash flows – Projects can be capital intensive, time intensive, or both. Camel Amul shareholders have preference for diversified projects investment rather than prospective high income from a single capital intensive project.

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Formula and Steps to Calculate Net Present Value (NPV) of Amul Dairy: Camel Milk Launch in India

NPV = Net Cash In Flowt1 / (1+r)t1 + Net Cash In Flowt2 / (1+r)t2 + … Net Cash In Flowtn / (1+r)tn
Less Net Cash Out Flowt0 / (1+r)t0

Where t = time period, in this case year 1, year 2 and so on.
r = discount rate or return that could be earned using other safe proposition such as fixed deposit or treasury bond rate. Net Cash In Flow – What the firm will get each year.
Net Cash Out Flow – What the firm needs to invest initially in the project.

Step 1 – Understand the nature of the project and calculate cash flow for each year.
Step 2 – Discount those cash flow based on the discount rate.
Step 3 – Add all the discounted cash flow.
Step 4 – Selection of the project

Why Leadership & Managing People Managers need to know Financial Tools such as Net Present Value (NPV)?

In our daily workplace we often come across people and colleagues who are just focused on their core competency and targets they have to deliver. For example marketing managers at Camel Amul often design programs whose objective is to drive brand awareness and customer reach. But how that 30 point increase in brand awareness or 10 point increase in customer touch points will result into shareholders’ value is not specified.

To overcome such scenarios managers at Camel Amul needs to not only know the financial aspect of project management but also needs to have tools to integrate them into part of the project development and monitoring plan.

Calculating Net Present Value (NPV) at 15%

After working through various assumptions we reached a conclusion that risk is far higher than 6%. In a reasonably stable industry with weak competition - 15% discount rate can be a good benchmark.

Years	Cash Flow	Net Cash Flow	Cumulative     Cash Flow	Discount Rate @ 15 %	Discounted Cash Flows
Year 0	(10001053)	-10001053	-	-
Year 1	3468247	-6532806	3468247	0.8696	3015867
Year 2	3976804	-2556002	7445051	0.7561	3007035
Year 3	3953912	1397910	11398963	0.6575	2599761
Year 4	3228051	4625961	14627014	0.5718	1845649
TOTAL					10468312

The Net NPV after 4 years is 467259

(10468312 - 10001053 )

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Calculating Net Present Value (NPV) at 20%

If the risk component is high in the industry then we should go for a higher hurdle rate / discount rate of 20%.

Years	Cash Flow	Net Cash Flow	Cumulative     Cash Flow	Discount Rate @ 20 %	Discounted Cash Flows
Year 0	(10001053)	-10001053	-	-
Year 1	3468247	-6532806	3468247	0.8333	2890206
Year 2	3976804	-2556002	7445051	0.6944	2761669
Year 3	3953912	1397910	11398963	0.5787	2288144
Year 4	3228051	4625961	14627014	0.4823	1556738
TOTAL					9496756

The Net NPV after 4 years is -504297

At 20% discount rate the NPV is negative (9496756 - 10001053 ) so ideally we can't select the project if macro and micro factors don't allow financial managers of Camel Amul to discount cash flow at lower discount rates such as 15%.

Acceptance Criteria of a Project based on NPV

Simplest Approach – If the investment project of Camel Amul has a NPV value higher than Zero then finance managers at Camel Amul can ACCEPT the project, otherwise they can reject the project. This means that project will deliver higher returns over the period of time than any alternate investment strategy.

In theory if the required rate of return or discount rate is chosen correctly by finance managers at Camel Amul, then the stock price of the Camel Amul should change by same amount of the NPV. In real world we know that share price also reflects various other factors that can be related to both macro and micro environment.

In the same vein – accepting the project with zero NPV should result in stagnant share price. Finance managers use discount rates as a measure of risk components in the project execution process.

Sensitivity Analysis

Project selection is often a far more complex decision than just choosing it based on the NPV number. Finance managers at Camel Amul should conduct a sensitivity analysis to better understand not only the inherent risk of the projects but also how those risks can be either factored in or mitigated during the project execution. Sensitivity analysis helps in –

What can impact the cash flow of the project.

What are the key aspects of the projects that need to be monitored, refined, and retuned for continuous delivery of projected cash flows.

What will be a multi year spillover effect of various taxation regulations.

What are the uncertainties surrounding the project Initial Cash Outlay (ICO’s). ICO’s often have several different components such as land, machinery, building, and other equipment.

Understanding of risks involved in the project.

Some of the assumptions while using the Discounted Cash Flow Methods –

Projects are assumed to be Mutually Exclusive – This is seldom the came in modern day giant organizations where projects are often inter-related and rejecting a project solely based on NPV can result in sunk cost from a related project.

Independent projects have independent cash flows – As explained in the marketing project – though the project may look independent but in reality it is not as the brand awareness project can be closely associated with the spending on sales promotions and product specific advertising.

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Negotiation Strategy of Amul Dairy: Camel Milk Launch in India

References & Further Readings

Sandeep Puri, Brij Mohan Taneja, Pratibha Gupta, Anirudh Menon (2018), "Amul Dairy: Camel Milk Launch in India Harvard Business Review Case Study. Published by HBR Publications.