Transcend Coffee: Local Sustainability Challenges in a Global Industry Net Present Value (NPV) / MBA Resources

Introduction to Net Present Value (NPV) - What is Net Present Value (NPV) ? How it impacts financial decisions regarding project management?

NPV solution for Transcend Coffee: Local Sustainability Challenges in a Global Industry case study

At Oak Spring University, we provide corporate level professional Net Present Value (NPV) case study solution. Transcend Coffee: Local Sustainability Challenges in a Global Industry case study is a Harvard Business School (HBR) case study written by Joel Gehman, Nicole Neufeld, Dasha Smirnow, Siddharth Agrawal. The Transcend Coffee: Local Sustainability Challenges in a Global Industry (referred as “Coffee Alberta” from here on) case study provides evaluation & decision scenario in field of Leadership & Managing People. It also touches upon business topics such as - Value proposition, Financial management, International business, Strategy, Sustainability.

The net present value (NPV) of an investment proposal is the present value of the proposal’s net cash flows less the proposal’s initial cash outflow. If a project’s NPV is greater than or equal to zero, the project should be accepted.

NPV = Present Value of Future Cash Flows LESS Project’s Initial Investment

---

Case Description of Transcend Coffee: Local Sustainability Challenges in a Global Industry Case Study

In 2014, Transcend Coffee-an independent coffee shop and coffee bean roaster with several locations in Edmonton, Alberta-was selling premium coffee to a loyal base of customers. While it had taken several years to establish its presence in a marketplace that was filled with coffee retailers, Transcend Coffee's success was in part due to its direct trade supply chain strategy. By working closely with its coffee bean farmers, Transcend Coffee was able to assist in improving both the growing process of the beans and the quality of the coffee. When one of its farmers experienced a disastrous coffee bean season, the company was faced with several challenges that could have an impact on not just its profits but also the livelihood of its farmers. With demand for its coffee at an all-time high, Transcend Coffee had to consider how to mitigate a supply shortage without sacrificing quality. The founder was unsure if the current supply chain could guarantee a steady supply of high-quality coffee, or whether he could maintain transparency with consumers and suppliers if there was variability with the product. He had to quickly decide what to do about the poor harvest and his relationship with the supplier and also figure out how to meet customer demand. Joel Gehman is affiliated with University of Alberta. Nicole Neufeld is affiliated with University of Alberta. Dasha Smirnow is affiliated with University of Alberta. Siddharth Agrawal is affiliated with University of Alberta. Danielle Sandberg is affiliated with University of Alberta. Manav Deol is affiliated with University of Alberta.

Case Authors : Joel Gehman, Nicole Neufeld, Dasha Smirnow, Siddharth Agrawal

Topic : Leadership & Managing People

Related Areas : Financial management, International business, Strategy, Sustainability

---

Calculating Net Present Value (NPV) at 6% for Transcend Coffee: Local Sustainability Challenges in a Global Industry Case Study

Years	Cash Flow	Net Cash Flow	Cumulative     Cash Flow	Discount Rate @ 6 %	Discounted Cash Flows
Year 0	(10013021)	-10013021	-	-
Year 1	3471431	-6541590	3471431	0.9434	3274935
Year 2	3956722	-2584868	7428153	0.89	3521468
Year 3	3954906	1370038	11383059	0.8396	3320615
Year 4	3235978	4606016	14619037	0.7921	2563198
TOTAL			14619037		12680216

The Net Present Value at 6% discount rate is 2667195

In isolation the NPV number doesn't mean much but put in right context then it is one of the best method to evaluate project returns. In this article we will cover -

Different methods of capital budgeting

What is NPV & Formula of NPV,
How it is calculated,
How to use NPV number for project evaluation, and
Scenario Planning given risks and management priorities.

---

Capital Budgeting Approaches

Methods of Capital Budgeting

There are four types of capital budgeting techniques that are widely used in the corporate world –

1. Internal Rate of Return
2. Profitability Index
3. Payback Period
4. Net Present Value

Apart from the Payback period method which is an additive method, rest of the methods are based on Discounted Cash Flow technique. Even though cash flow can be calculated based on the nature of the project, for the simplicity of the article we are assuming that all the expected cash flows are realized at the end of the year.

Discounted Cash Flow approaches provide a more objective basis for evaluating and selecting investment projects. They take into consideration both –

1. Magnitude of both incoming and outgoing cash flows – Projects can be capital intensive, time intensive, or both. Coffee Alberta shareholders have preference for diversified projects investment rather than prospective high income from a single capital intensive project.
2. Timing of the expected cash flows – stockholders of Coffee Alberta have higher preference for cash returns over 4-5 years rather than 10-15 years given the nature of the volatility in the industry.

---

Formula and Steps to Calculate Net Present Value (NPV) of Transcend Coffee: Local Sustainability Challenges in a Global Industry

NPV = Net Cash In Flowt1 / (1+r)t1 + Net Cash In Flowt2 / (1+r)t2 + … Net Cash In Flowtn / (1+r)tn
Less Net Cash Out Flowt0 / (1+r)t0

Where t = time period, in this case year 1, year 2 and so on.
r = discount rate or return that could be earned using other safe proposition such as fixed deposit or treasury bond rate. Net Cash In Flow – What the firm will get each year.
Net Cash Out Flow – What the firm needs to invest initially in the project.

Step 1 – Understand the nature of the project and calculate cash flow for each year.
Step 2 – Discount those cash flow based on the discount rate.
Step 3 – Add all the discounted cash flow.
Step 4 – Selection of the project

Why Leadership & Managing People Managers need to know Financial Tools such as Net Present Value (NPV)?

In our daily workplace we often come across people and colleagues who are just focused on their core competency and targets they have to deliver. For example marketing managers at Coffee Alberta often design programs whose objective is to drive brand awareness and customer reach. But how that 30 point increase in brand awareness or 10 point increase in customer touch points will result into shareholders’ value is not specified.

To overcome such scenarios managers at Coffee Alberta needs to not only know the financial aspect of project management but also needs to have tools to integrate them into part of the project development and monitoring plan.

Calculating Net Present Value (NPV) at 15%

After working through various assumptions we reached a conclusion that risk is far higher than 6%. In a reasonably stable industry with weak competition - 15% discount rate can be a good benchmark.

Years	Cash Flow	Net Cash Flow	Cumulative     Cash Flow	Discount Rate @ 15 %	Discounted Cash Flows
Year 0	(10013021)	-10013021	-	-
Year 1	3471431	-6541590	3471431	0.8696	3018636
Year 2	3956722	-2584868	7428153	0.7561	2991850
Year 3	3954906	1370038	11383059	0.6575	2600415
Year 4	3235978	4606016	14619037	0.5718	1850181
TOTAL					10461082

The Net NPV after 4 years is 448061

(10461082 - 10013021 )

---

Calculating Net Present Value (NPV) at 20%

If the risk component is high in the industry then we should go for a higher hurdle rate / discount rate of 20%.

Years	Cash Flow	Net Cash Flow	Cumulative     Cash Flow	Discount Rate @ 20 %	Discounted Cash Flows
Year 0	(10013021)	-10013021	-	-
Year 1	3471431	-6541590	3471431	0.8333	2892859
Year 2	3956722	-2584868	7428153	0.6944	2747724
Year 3	3954906	1370038	11383059	0.5787	2288719
Year 4	3235978	4606016	14619037	0.4823	1560560
TOTAL					9489862

The Net NPV after 4 years is -523159

At 20% discount rate the NPV is negative (9489862 - 10013021 ) so ideally we can't select the project if macro and micro factors don't allow financial managers of Coffee Alberta to discount cash flow at lower discount rates such as 15%.

Acceptance Criteria of a Project based on NPV

Simplest Approach – If the investment project of Coffee Alberta has a NPV value higher than Zero then finance managers at Coffee Alberta can ACCEPT the project, otherwise they can reject the project. This means that project will deliver higher returns over the period of time than any alternate investment strategy.

In theory if the required rate of return or discount rate is chosen correctly by finance managers at Coffee Alberta, then the stock price of the Coffee Alberta should change by same amount of the NPV. In real world we know that share price also reflects various other factors that can be related to both macro and micro environment.

In the same vein – accepting the project with zero NPV should result in stagnant share price. Finance managers use discount rates as a measure of risk components in the project execution process.

Sensitivity Analysis

Project selection is often a far more complex decision than just choosing it based on the NPV number. Finance managers at Coffee Alberta should conduct a sensitivity analysis to better understand not only the inherent risk of the projects but also how those risks can be either factored in or mitigated during the project execution. Sensitivity analysis helps in –

What are the uncertainties surrounding the project Initial Cash Outlay (ICO’s). ICO’s often have several different components such as land, machinery, building, and other equipment.

Understanding of risks involved in the project.

What are the key aspects of the projects that need to be monitored, refined, and retuned for continuous delivery of projected cash flows.

What will be a multi year spillover effect of various taxation regulations.

What can impact the cash flow of the project.

Some of the assumptions while using the Discounted Cash Flow Methods –

Projects are assumed to be Mutually Exclusive – This is seldom the came in modern day giant organizations where projects are often inter-related and rejecting a project solely based on NPV can result in sunk cost from a related project.

Independent projects have independent cash flows – As explained in the marketing project – though the project may look independent but in reality it is not as the brand awareness project can be closely associated with the spending on sales promotions and product specific advertising.

---

Negotiation Strategy of Transcend Coffee: Local Sustainability Challenges in a Global Industry

References & Further Readings

Joel Gehman, Nicole Neufeld, Dasha Smirnow, Siddharth Agrawal (2018), "Transcend Coffee: Local Sustainability Challenges in a Global Industry Harvard Business Review Case Study. Published by HBR Publications.