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Wild-cat Strike: A Negotiation Role-Play Simulation Net Present Value (NPV) / MBA Resources

Introduction to Net Present Value (NPV) - What is Net Present Value (NPV) ? How it impacts financial decisions regarding project management?

NPV solution for Wild-cat Strike: A Negotiation Role-Play Simulation case study


At Oak Spring University, we provide corporate level professional Net Present Value (NPV) case study solution. Wild-cat Strike: A Negotiation Role-Play Simulation case study is a Harvard Business School (HBR) case study written by Anishya Obhrai Madan, Gita Bajaj. The Wild-cat Strike: A Negotiation Role-Play Simulation (referred as “Worker Rail” from here on) case study provides evaluation & decision scenario in field of Leadership & Managing People. It also touches upon business topics such as - Value proposition, .

The net present value (NPV) of an investment proposal is the present value of the proposal’s net cash flows less the proposal’s initial cash outflow. If a project’s NPV is greater than or equal to zero, the project should be accepted.

NPV = Present Value of Future Cash Flows LESS Project’s Initial Investment






Case Description of Wild-cat Strike: A Negotiation Role-Play Simulation Case Study


With over one million employees, Mega Railway Network is one of the largest recruiters in the world. As the result of criminal activity in one of its largest rail yards, a worker lost his life in the line of duty. The circumstances of the incident have led to a high-stakes strike action by workers at one of its busiest rail depots. As the divisional operations manager, chief transportation manager or the head of locomotive engineers (drivers), you must reconcile differences between management and staff or risk stalling the hundreds of freight and passenger trains that pass through each day. As a worker, you need safety and other concerns addressed. Anishya Obhrai Madan is affiliated with Management Development Institute. Gita Bajaj is affiliated with Institute of Management & Technology.


Case Authors : Anishya Obhrai Madan, Gita Bajaj

Topic : Leadership & Managing People

Related Areas :




Calculating Net Present Value (NPV) at 6% for Wild-cat Strike: A Negotiation Role-Play Simulation Case Study


Years              Cash Flow     Net Cash Flow     Cumulative    
Cash Flow
Discount Rate
@ 6 %
Discounted
Cash Flows
Year 0 (10018332) -10018332 - -
Year 1 3445873 -6572459 3445873 0.9434 3250824
Year 2 3964747 -2607712 7410620 0.89 3528611
Year 3 3959764 1352052 11370384 0.8396 3324694
Year 4 3227363 4579415 14597747 0.7921 2556374
TOTAL 14597747 12660502




The Net Present Value at 6% discount rate is 2642170

In isolation the NPV number doesn't mean much but put in right context then it is one of the best method to evaluate project returns. In this article we will cover -

Different methods of capital budgeting


What is NPV & Formula of NPV,
How it is calculated,
How to use NPV number for project evaluation, and
Scenario Planning given risks and management priorities.




Capital Budgeting Approaches

Methods of Capital Budgeting


There are four types of capital budgeting techniques that are widely used in the corporate world –

1. Net Present Value
2. Payback Period
3. Internal Rate of Return
4. Profitability Index

Apart from the Payback period method which is an additive method, rest of the methods are based on Discounted Cash Flow technique. Even though cash flow can be calculated based on the nature of the project, for the simplicity of the article we are assuming that all the expected cash flows are realized at the end of the year.

Discounted Cash Flow approaches provide a more objective basis for evaluating and selecting investment projects. They take into consideration both –

1. Timing of the expected cash flows – stockholders of Worker Rail have higher preference for cash returns over 4-5 years rather than 10-15 years given the nature of the volatility in the industry.
2. Magnitude of both incoming and outgoing cash flows – Projects can be capital intensive, time intensive, or both. Worker Rail shareholders have preference for diversified projects investment rather than prospective high income from a single capital intensive project.






Formula and Steps to Calculate Net Present Value (NPV) of Wild-cat Strike: A Negotiation Role-Play Simulation

NPV = Net Cash In Flowt1 / (1+r)t1 + Net Cash In Flowt2 / (1+r)t2 + … Net Cash In Flowtn / (1+r)tn
Less Net Cash Out Flowt0 / (1+r)t0

Where t = time period, in this case year 1, year 2 and so on.
r = discount rate or return that could be earned using other safe proposition such as fixed deposit or treasury bond rate. Net Cash In Flow – What the firm will get each year.
Net Cash Out Flow – What the firm needs to invest initially in the project.

Step 1 – Understand the nature of the project and calculate cash flow for each year.
Step 2 – Discount those cash flow based on the discount rate.
Step 3 – Add all the discounted cash flow.
Step 4 – Selection of the project

Why Leadership & Managing People Managers need to know Financial Tools such as Net Present Value (NPV)?

In our daily workplace we often come across people and colleagues who are just focused on their core competency and targets they have to deliver. For example marketing managers at Worker Rail often design programs whose objective is to drive brand awareness and customer reach. But how that 30 point increase in brand awareness or 10 point increase in customer touch points will result into shareholders’ value is not specified.

To overcome such scenarios managers at Worker Rail needs to not only know the financial aspect of project management but also needs to have tools to integrate them into part of the project development and monitoring plan.

Calculating Net Present Value (NPV) at 15%

After working through various assumptions we reached a conclusion that risk is far higher than 6%. In a reasonably stable industry with weak competition - 15% discount rate can be a good benchmark.



Years              Cash Flow     Net Cash Flow     Cumulative    
Cash Flow
Discount Rate
@ 15 %
Discounted
Cash Flows
Year 0 (10018332) -10018332 - -
Year 1 3445873 -6572459 3445873 0.8696 2996411
Year 2 3964747 -2607712 7410620 0.7561 2997918
Year 3 3959764 1352052 11370384 0.6575 2603609
Year 4 3227363 4579415 14597747 0.5718 1845255
TOTAL 10443194


The Net NPV after 4 years is 424862

(10443194 - 10018332 )








Calculating Net Present Value (NPV) at 20%


If the risk component is high in the industry then we should go for a higher hurdle rate / discount rate of 20%.

Years              Cash Flow     Net Cash Flow     Cumulative    
Cash Flow
Discount Rate
@ 20 %
Discounted
Cash Flows
Year 0 (10018332) -10018332 - -
Year 1 3445873 -6572459 3445873 0.8333 2871561
Year 2 3964747 -2607712 7410620 0.6944 2753297
Year 3 3959764 1352052 11370384 0.5787 2291530
Year 4 3227363 4579415 14597747 0.4823 1556406
TOTAL 9472793


The Net NPV after 4 years is -545539

At 20% discount rate the NPV is negative (9472793 - 10018332 ) so ideally we can't select the project if macro and micro factors don't allow financial managers of Worker Rail to discount cash flow at lower discount rates such as 15%.





Acceptance Criteria of a Project based on NPV

Simplest Approach – If the investment project of Worker Rail has a NPV value higher than Zero then finance managers at Worker Rail can ACCEPT the project, otherwise they can reject the project. This means that project will deliver higher returns over the period of time than any alternate investment strategy.

In theory if the required rate of return or discount rate is chosen correctly by finance managers at Worker Rail, then the stock price of the Worker Rail should change by same amount of the NPV. In real world we know that share price also reflects various other factors that can be related to both macro and micro environment.

In the same vein – accepting the project with zero NPV should result in stagnant share price. Finance managers use discount rates as a measure of risk components in the project execution process.

Sensitivity Analysis

Project selection is often a far more complex decision than just choosing it based on the NPV number. Finance managers at Worker Rail should conduct a sensitivity analysis to better understand not only the inherent risk of the projects but also how those risks can be either factored in or mitigated during the project execution. Sensitivity analysis helps in –

What can impact the cash flow of the project.

What will be a multi year spillover effect of various taxation regulations.

Understanding of risks involved in the project.

What are the uncertainties surrounding the project Initial Cash Outlay (ICO’s). ICO’s often have several different components such as land, machinery, building, and other equipment.

What are the key aspects of the projects that need to be monitored, refined, and retuned for continuous delivery of projected cash flows.

Some of the assumptions while using the Discounted Cash Flow Methods –

Projects are assumed to be Mutually Exclusive – This is seldom the came in modern day giant organizations where projects are often inter-related and rejecting a project solely based on NPV can result in sunk cost from a related project.

Independent projects have independent cash flows – As explained in the marketing project – though the project may look independent but in reality it is not as the brand awareness project can be closely associated with the spending on sales promotions and product specific advertising.






Negotiation Strategy of Wild-cat Strike: A Negotiation Role-Play Simulation

References & Further Readings

Anishya Obhrai Madan, Gita Bajaj (2018), "Wild-cat Strike: A Negotiation Role-Play Simulation Harvard Business Review Case Study. Published by HBR Publications.


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