IBM and the Reinvention of High School (B): Replicating & Scaling P-TECH and Partners Net Present Value (NPV) / MBA Resources

Introduction to Net Present Value (NPV) - What is Net Present Value (NPV) ? How it impacts financial decisions regarding project management?

NPV solution for IBM and the Reinvention of High School (B): Replicating & Scaling P-TECH and Partners case study

At Oak Spring University, we provide corporate level professional Net Present Value (NPV) case study solution. IBM and the Reinvention of High School (B): Replicating & Scaling P-TECH and Partners case study is a Harvard Business School (HBR) case study written by Rosabeth Moss Kanter, Ai-Ling Jamila Malone. The IBM and the Reinvention of High School (B): Replicating & Scaling P-TECH and Partners (referred as “Ibm Replication” from here on) case study provides evaluation & decision scenario in field of Leadership & Managing People. It also touches upon business topics such as - Value proposition, Joint ventures, Leadership, Social enterprise, Social responsibility, Technology.

The net present value (NPV) of an investment proposal is the present value of the proposal’s net cash flows less the proposal’s initial cash outflow. If a project’s NPV is greater than or equal to zero, the project should be accepted.

NPV = Present Value of Future Cash Flows LESS Project’s Initial Investment

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Case Description of IBM and the Reinvention of High School (B): Replicating & Scaling P-TECH and Partners Case Study

IBM's Corporate Citizenship office created an innovation in public education through a business-school partnership for widespread replication and diffusion. In 2012, while P-TECH (Pathways in Technology Early College High School) was still in its first year operating, Stanley Litow, IBM's Vice President of Corporate Citizenship and Corporate Affairs and President of the IBM International Foundation, found himself overwhelmed by interested parties who wanted to replicate the model. Chicago Mayor Emanuel, the J.A. and Kathryn Albertson Foundation in Idaho, the New York City Department of Education, and New York Governor Cuomo were all in various stages of implementing the concept. Chicago launched five schools in 2012 that were inspired by the P-TECH model, with IBM partnering with one school. New York City developed five more schools; two were scheduled to open in fall 2013 and three more in fall 2014. New York launched a Request for Proposal with plans to open 16 of these schools in fall 2014. Meanwhile IBM remained engaged at the federal level to help accelerate the replication through policy changes. This case explores the challenges and complications of replication.

Case Authors : Rosabeth Moss Kanter, Ai-Ling Jamila Malone

Topic : Leadership & Managing People

Related Areas : Joint ventures, Leadership, Social enterprise, Social responsibility, Technology

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Calculating Net Present Value (NPV) at 6% for IBM and the Reinvention of High School (B): Replicating & Scaling P-TECH and Partners Case Study

Years	Cash Flow	Net Cash Flow	Cumulative     Cash Flow	Discount Rate @ 6 %	Discounted Cash Flows
Year 0	(10012531)	-10012531	-	-
Year 1	3472071	-6540460	3472071	0.9434	3275539
Year 2	3966020	-2574440	7438091	0.89	3529744
Year 3	3951223	1376783	11389314	0.8396	3317523
Year 4	3235437	4612220	14624751	0.7921	2562769
TOTAL			14624751		12685575

The Net Present Value at 6% discount rate is 2673044

In isolation the NPV number doesn't mean much but put in right context then it is one of the best method to evaluate project returns. In this article we will cover -

Different methods of capital budgeting

What is NPV & Formula of NPV,
How it is calculated,
How to use NPV number for project evaluation, and
Scenario Planning given risks and management priorities.

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Capital Budgeting Approaches

Methods of Capital Budgeting

There are four types of capital budgeting techniques that are widely used in the corporate world –

1. Profitability Index
2. Net Present Value
3. Payback Period
4. Internal Rate of Return

Apart from the Payback period method which is an additive method, rest of the methods are based on Discounted Cash Flow technique. Even though cash flow can be calculated based on the nature of the project, for the simplicity of the article we are assuming that all the expected cash flows are realized at the end of the year.

Discounted Cash Flow approaches provide a more objective basis for evaluating and selecting investment projects. They take into consideration both –

1. Magnitude of both incoming and outgoing cash flows – Projects can be capital intensive, time intensive, or both. Ibm Replication shareholders have preference for diversified projects investment rather than prospective high income from a single capital intensive project.
2. Timing of the expected cash flows – stockholders of Ibm Replication have higher preference for cash returns over 4-5 years rather than 10-15 years given the nature of the volatility in the industry.

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Formula and Steps to Calculate Net Present Value (NPV) of IBM and the Reinvention of High School (B): Replicating & Scaling P-TECH and Partners

NPV = Net Cash In Flowt1 / (1+r)t1 + Net Cash In Flowt2 / (1+r)t2 + … Net Cash In Flowtn / (1+r)tn
Less Net Cash Out Flowt0 / (1+r)t0

Where t = time period, in this case year 1, year 2 and so on.
r = discount rate or return that could be earned using other safe proposition such as fixed deposit or treasury bond rate. Net Cash In Flow – What the firm will get each year.
Net Cash Out Flow – What the firm needs to invest initially in the project.

Step 1 – Understand the nature of the project and calculate cash flow for each year.
Step 2 – Discount those cash flow based on the discount rate.
Step 3 – Add all the discounted cash flow.
Step 4 – Selection of the project

Why Leadership & Managing People Managers need to know Financial Tools such as Net Present Value (NPV)?

In our daily workplace we often come across people and colleagues who are just focused on their core competency and targets they have to deliver. For example marketing managers at Ibm Replication often design programs whose objective is to drive brand awareness and customer reach. But how that 30 point increase in brand awareness or 10 point increase in customer touch points will result into shareholders’ value is not specified.

To overcome such scenarios managers at Ibm Replication needs to not only know the financial aspect of project management but also needs to have tools to integrate them into part of the project development and monitoring plan.

Calculating Net Present Value (NPV) at 15%

After working through various assumptions we reached a conclusion that risk is far higher than 6%. In a reasonably stable industry with weak competition - 15% discount rate can be a good benchmark.

Years	Cash Flow	Net Cash Flow	Cumulative     Cash Flow	Discount Rate @ 15 %	Discounted Cash Flows
Year 0	(10012531)	-10012531	-	-
Year 1	3472071	-6540460	3472071	0.8696	3019192
Year 2	3966020	-2574440	7438091	0.7561	2998881
Year 3	3951223	1376783	11389314	0.6575	2597993
Year 4	3235437	4612220	14624751	0.5718	1849872
TOTAL					10465938

The Net NPV after 4 years is 453407

(10465938 - 10012531 )

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Calculating Net Present Value (NPV) at 20%

If the risk component is high in the industry then we should go for a higher hurdle rate / discount rate of 20%.

Years	Cash Flow	Net Cash Flow	Cumulative     Cash Flow	Discount Rate @ 20 %	Discounted Cash Flows
Year 0	(10012531)	-10012531	-	-
Year 1	3472071	-6540460	3472071	0.8333	2893393
Year 2	3966020	-2574440	7438091	0.6944	2754181
Year 3	3951223	1376783	11389314	0.5787	2286587
Year 4	3235437	4612220	14624751	0.4823	1560299
TOTAL					9494460

The Net NPV after 4 years is -518071

At 20% discount rate the NPV is negative (9494460 - 10012531 ) so ideally we can't select the project if macro and micro factors don't allow financial managers of Ibm Replication to discount cash flow at lower discount rates such as 15%.

Acceptance Criteria of a Project based on NPV

Simplest Approach – If the investment project of Ibm Replication has a NPV value higher than Zero then finance managers at Ibm Replication can ACCEPT the project, otherwise they can reject the project. This means that project will deliver higher returns over the period of time than any alternate investment strategy.

In theory if the required rate of return or discount rate is chosen correctly by finance managers at Ibm Replication, then the stock price of the Ibm Replication should change by same amount of the NPV. In real world we know that share price also reflects various other factors that can be related to both macro and micro environment.

In the same vein – accepting the project with zero NPV should result in stagnant share price. Finance managers use discount rates as a measure of risk components in the project execution process.

Sensitivity Analysis

Project selection is often a far more complex decision than just choosing it based on the NPV number. Finance managers at Ibm Replication should conduct a sensitivity analysis to better understand not only the inherent risk of the projects but also how those risks can be either factored in or mitigated during the project execution. Sensitivity analysis helps in –

Understanding of risks involved in the project.

What will be a multi year spillover effect of various taxation regulations.

What can impact the cash flow of the project.

What are the uncertainties surrounding the project Initial Cash Outlay (ICO’s). ICO’s often have several different components such as land, machinery, building, and other equipment.

What are the key aspects of the projects that need to be monitored, refined, and retuned for continuous delivery of projected cash flows.

Some of the assumptions while using the Discounted Cash Flow Methods –

Projects are assumed to be Mutually Exclusive – This is seldom the came in modern day giant organizations where projects are often inter-related and rejecting a project solely based on NPV can result in sunk cost from a related project.

Independent projects have independent cash flows – As explained in the marketing project – though the project may look independent but in reality it is not as the brand awareness project can be closely associated with the spending on sales promotions and product specific advertising.

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Negotiation Strategy of IBM and the Reinvention of High School (B): Replicating & Scaling P-TECH and Partners

References & Further Readings

Rosabeth Moss Kanter, Ai-Ling Jamila Malone (2018), "IBM and the Reinvention of High School (B): Replicating & Scaling P-TECH and Partners Harvard Business Review Case Study. Published by HBR Publications.