Walmart's Sustainability Strategy (C): Inventory Management in the Seafood Supply Chain Net Present Value (NPV) / MBA Resources

Introduction to Net Present Value (NPV) - What is Net Present Value (NPV) ? How it impacts financial decisions regarding project management?

NPV solution for Walmart's Sustainability Strategy (C): Inventory Management in the Seafood Supply Chain case study

At Oak Spring University, we provide corporate level professional Net Present Value (NPV) case study solution. Walmart's Sustainability Strategy (C): Inventory Management in the Seafood Supply Chain case study is a Harvard Business School (HBR) case study written by Erica Plambeck, Lyn Denend. The Walmart's Sustainability Strategy (C): Inventory Management in the Seafood Supply Chain (referred as “Seafood Walmart” from here on) case study provides evaluation & decision scenario in field of Organizational Development. It also touches upon business topics such as - Value proposition, Sustainability.

The net present value (NPV) of an investment proposal is the present value of the proposal’s net cash flows less the proposal’s initial cash outflow. If a project’s NPV is greater than or equal to zero, the project should be accepted.

NPV = Present Value of Future Cash Flows LESS Project’s Initial Investment

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Case Description of Walmart's Sustainability Strategy (C): Inventory Management in the Seafood Supply Chain Case Study

In 2007, Walmart was sourcing approximately $750 million in seafood annually. Although output from the world's fisheries had declined to 3 percent of production levels in the year 1900, the company's volume of seafood business was growing at roughly 25 percent per year. Against this backdrop, Peter Redmond, vice president for seafood and deli, believed that continuity of supply was the single greatest long-term issue facing the seafood network. To help address this challenge as part of the company's recently-announced sustainability strategy, Walmart set a goal to transition to selling 100 percent MSC certified wild-caught seafood by the end of 2011. To accomplish its goal of selling only certified wild-caught fish, Walmart would have to work through its suppliers to increase the number of fisheries and processing plants in the MSC certification program. This case describes MSC certification and the salmon supply chain from the point of view of one of Walmart's tier-one seafood suppliers. It provides enough detail that students should be able to make recommendations regarding how should Walmart rationalize its seafood supply chain to reduce costs and promote sustainability.

Case Authors : Erica Plambeck, Lyn Denend

Topic : Organizational Development

Related Areas : Sustainability

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Calculating Net Present Value (NPV) at 6% for Walmart's Sustainability Strategy (C): Inventory Management in the Seafood Supply Chain Case Study

Years	Cash Flow	Net Cash Flow	Cumulative     Cash Flow	Discount Rate @ 6 %	Discounted Cash Flows
Year 0	(10024842)	-10024842	-	-
Year 1	3462532	-6562310	3462532	0.9434	3266540
Year 2	3962985	-2599325	7425517	0.89	3527043
Year 3	3964137	1364812	11389654	0.8396	3328366
Year 4	3226602	4591414	14616256	0.7921	2555771
TOTAL			14616256		12677719

The Net Present Value at 6% discount rate is 2652877

In isolation the NPV number doesn't mean much but put in right context then it is one of the best method to evaluate project returns. In this article we will cover -

Different methods of capital budgeting

What is NPV & Formula of NPV,
How it is calculated,
How to use NPV number for project evaluation, and
Scenario Planning given risks and management priorities.

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Capital Budgeting Approaches

Methods of Capital Budgeting

There are four types of capital budgeting techniques that are widely used in the corporate world –

1. Internal Rate of Return
2. Payback Period
3. Net Present Value
4. Profitability Index

Apart from the Payback period method which is an additive method, rest of the methods are based on Discounted Cash Flow technique. Even though cash flow can be calculated based on the nature of the project, for the simplicity of the article we are assuming that all the expected cash flows are realized at the end of the year.

Discounted Cash Flow approaches provide a more objective basis for evaluating and selecting investment projects. They take into consideration both –

1. Timing of the expected cash flows – stockholders of Seafood Walmart have higher preference for cash returns over 4-5 years rather than 10-15 years given the nature of the volatility in the industry.
2. Magnitude of both incoming and outgoing cash flows – Projects can be capital intensive, time intensive, or both. Seafood Walmart shareholders have preference for diversified projects investment rather than prospective high income from a single capital intensive project.

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Formula and Steps to Calculate Net Present Value (NPV) of Walmart's Sustainability Strategy (C): Inventory Management in the Seafood Supply Chain

NPV = Net Cash In Flowt1 / (1+r)t1 + Net Cash In Flowt2 / (1+r)t2 + … Net Cash In Flowtn / (1+r)tn
Less Net Cash Out Flowt0 / (1+r)t0

Where t = time period, in this case year 1, year 2 and so on.
r = discount rate or return that could be earned using other safe proposition such as fixed deposit or treasury bond rate. Net Cash In Flow – What the firm will get each year.
Net Cash Out Flow – What the firm needs to invest initially in the project.

Step 1 – Understand the nature of the project and calculate cash flow for each year.
Step 2 – Discount those cash flow based on the discount rate.
Step 3 – Add all the discounted cash flow.
Step 4 – Selection of the project

Why Organizational Development Managers need to know Financial Tools such as Net Present Value (NPV)?

In our daily workplace we often come across people and colleagues who are just focused on their core competency and targets they have to deliver. For example marketing managers at Seafood Walmart often design programs whose objective is to drive brand awareness and customer reach. But how that 30 point increase in brand awareness or 10 point increase in customer touch points will result into shareholders’ value is not specified.

To overcome such scenarios managers at Seafood Walmart needs to not only know the financial aspect of project management but also needs to have tools to integrate them into part of the project development and monitoring plan.

Calculating Net Present Value (NPV) at 15%

After working through various assumptions we reached a conclusion that risk is far higher than 6%. In a reasonably stable industry with weak competition - 15% discount rate can be a good benchmark.

Years	Cash Flow	Net Cash Flow	Cumulative     Cash Flow	Discount Rate @ 15 %	Discounted Cash Flows
Year 0	(10024842)	-10024842	-	-
Year 1	3462532	-6562310	3462532	0.8696	3010897
Year 2	3962985	-2599325	7425517	0.7561	2996586
Year 3	3964137	1364812	11389654	0.6575	2606484
Year 4	3226602	4591414	14616256	0.5718	1844820
TOTAL					10458788

The Net NPV after 4 years is 433946

(10458788 - 10024842 )

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Calculating Net Present Value (NPV) at 20%

If the risk component is high in the industry then we should go for a higher hurdle rate / discount rate of 20%.

Years	Cash Flow	Net Cash Flow	Cumulative     Cash Flow	Discount Rate @ 20 %	Discounted Cash Flows
Year 0	(10024842)	-10024842	-	-
Year 1	3462532	-6562310	3462532	0.8333	2885443
Year 2	3962985	-2599325	7425517	0.6944	2752073
Year 3	3964137	1364812	11389654	0.5787	2294061
Year 4	3226602	4591414	14616256	0.4823	1556039
TOTAL					9487616

The Net NPV after 4 years is -537226

At 20% discount rate the NPV is negative (9487616 - 10024842 ) so ideally we can't select the project if macro and micro factors don't allow financial managers of Seafood Walmart to discount cash flow at lower discount rates such as 15%.

Acceptance Criteria of a Project based on NPV

Simplest Approach – If the investment project of Seafood Walmart has a NPV value higher than Zero then finance managers at Seafood Walmart can ACCEPT the project, otherwise they can reject the project. This means that project will deliver higher returns over the period of time than any alternate investment strategy.

In theory if the required rate of return or discount rate is chosen correctly by finance managers at Seafood Walmart, then the stock price of the Seafood Walmart should change by same amount of the NPV. In real world we know that share price also reflects various other factors that can be related to both macro and micro environment.

In the same vein – accepting the project with zero NPV should result in stagnant share price. Finance managers use discount rates as a measure of risk components in the project execution process.

Sensitivity Analysis

Project selection is often a far more complex decision than just choosing it based on the NPV number. Finance managers at Seafood Walmart should conduct a sensitivity analysis to better understand not only the inherent risk of the projects but also how those risks can be either factored in or mitigated during the project execution. Sensitivity analysis helps in –

What are the key aspects of the projects that need to be monitored, refined, and retuned for continuous delivery of projected cash flows.

What can impact the cash flow of the project.

What will be a multi year spillover effect of various taxation regulations.

Understanding of risks involved in the project.

What are the uncertainties surrounding the project Initial Cash Outlay (ICO’s). ICO’s often have several different components such as land, machinery, building, and other equipment.

Some of the assumptions while using the Discounted Cash Flow Methods –

Projects are assumed to be Mutually Exclusive – This is seldom the came in modern day giant organizations where projects are often inter-related and rejecting a project solely based on NPV can result in sunk cost from a related project.

Independent projects have independent cash flows – As explained in the marketing project – though the project may look independent but in reality it is not as the brand awareness project can be closely associated with the spending on sales promotions and product specific advertising.

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Negotiation Strategy of Walmart's Sustainability Strategy (C): Inventory Management in the Seafood Supply Chain

References & Further Readings

Erica Plambeck, Lyn Denend (2018), "Walmart's Sustainability Strategy (C): Inventory Management in the Seafood Supply Chain Harvard Business Review Case Study. Published by HBR Publications.