×




THE BULLARD HOUSES - General Instructions Net Present Value (NPV) / MBA Resources

Introduction to Net Present Value (NPV) - What is Net Present Value (NPV) ? How it impacts financial decisions regarding project management?

NPV solution for THE BULLARD HOUSES - General Instructions case study


At Oak Spring University, we provide corporate level professional Net Present Value (NPV) case study solution. THE BULLARD HOUSES - General Instructions case study is a Harvard Business School (HBR) case study written by Ron Karp, David Gold, Mox Tan. The THE BULLARD HOUSES - General Instructions (referred as “Absentia Downtown” from here on) case study provides evaluation & decision scenario in field of Strategy & Execution. It also touches upon business topics such as - Value proposition, Financial management, Government, Negotiations.

The net present value (NPV) of an investment proposal is the present value of the proposal’s net cash flows less the proposal’s initial cash outflow. If a project’s NPV is greater than or equal to zero, the project should be accepted.

NPV = Present Value of Future Cash Flows LESS Project’s Initial Investment






Case Description of THE BULLARD HOUSES - General Instructions Case Study


This case includes supplements.Downtown Realty, Inc. owns the historic Bullard Houses, a set of 51 attached brownstones in the city of Gotham. The Houses, occupied for decades by the city's wealthy elite, have fallen into disrepair and are currently occupied only by a few low-income families. Downtown Realty has been prevented from demolishing the Houses by the Gothic Landmark Commission. Consequently, Downtown is eager to sell the property, and has several offers on the table. Downtown has not yet seen the offer of a fourth developer, Absentia, Ltd. Absentia is unfamiliar with Downtown's other offers, but is confident that its offer will be appealing, although it is unwilling to reveal its exact plans. The negotiation involves attorneys representing Downtown Realty and Absentia, Ltd. This is a role play case.


Case Authors : Ron Karp, David Gold, Mox Tan

Topic : Strategy & Execution

Related Areas : Financial management, Government, Negotiations




Calculating Net Present Value (NPV) at 6% for THE BULLARD HOUSES - General Instructions Case Study


Years              Cash Flow     Net Cash Flow     Cumulative    
Cash Flow
Discount Rate
@ 6 %
Discounted
Cash Flows
Year 0 (10013128) -10013128 - -
Year 1 3455598 -6557530 3455598 0.9434 3259998
Year 2 3956936 -2600594 7412534 0.89 3521659
Year 3 3942500 1341906 11355034 0.8396 3310199
Year 4 3241513 4583419 14596547 0.7921 2567582
TOTAL 14596547 12659438




The Net Present Value at 6% discount rate is 2646310

In isolation the NPV number doesn't mean much but put in right context then it is one of the best method to evaluate project returns. In this article we will cover -

Different methods of capital budgeting


What is NPV & Formula of NPV,
How it is calculated,
How to use NPV number for project evaluation, and
Scenario Planning given risks and management priorities.




Capital Budgeting Approaches

Methods of Capital Budgeting


There are four types of capital budgeting techniques that are widely used in the corporate world –

1. Net Present Value
2. Payback Period
3. Profitability Index
4. Internal Rate of Return

Apart from the Payback period method which is an additive method, rest of the methods are based on Discounted Cash Flow technique. Even though cash flow can be calculated based on the nature of the project, for the simplicity of the article we are assuming that all the expected cash flows are realized at the end of the year.

Discounted Cash Flow approaches provide a more objective basis for evaluating and selecting investment projects. They take into consideration both –

1. Timing of the expected cash flows – stockholders of Absentia Downtown have higher preference for cash returns over 4-5 years rather than 10-15 years given the nature of the volatility in the industry.
2. Magnitude of both incoming and outgoing cash flows – Projects can be capital intensive, time intensive, or both. Absentia Downtown shareholders have preference for diversified projects investment rather than prospective high income from a single capital intensive project.






Formula and Steps to Calculate Net Present Value (NPV) of THE BULLARD HOUSES - General Instructions

NPV = Net Cash In Flowt1 / (1+r)t1 + Net Cash In Flowt2 / (1+r)t2 + … Net Cash In Flowtn / (1+r)tn
Less Net Cash Out Flowt0 / (1+r)t0

Where t = time period, in this case year 1, year 2 and so on.
r = discount rate or return that could be earned using other safe proposition such as fixed deposit or treasury bond rate. Net Cash In Flow – What the firm will get each year.
Net Cash Out Flow – What the firm needs to invest initially in the project.

Step 1 – Understand the nature of the project and calculate cash flow for each year.
Step 2 – Discount those cash flow based on the discount rate.
Step 3 – Add all the discounted cash flow.
Step 4 – Selection of the project

Why Strategy & Execution Managers need to know Financial Tools such as Net Present Value (NPV)?

In our daily workplace we often come across people and colleagues who are just focused on their core competency and targets they have to deliver. For example marketing managers at Absentia Downtown often design programs whose objective is to drive brand awareness and customer reach. But how that 30 point increase in brand awareness or 10 point increase in customer touch points will result into shareholders’ value is not specified.

To overcome such scenarios managers at Absentia Downtown needs to not only know the financial aspect of project management but also needs to have tools to integrate them into part of the project development and monitoring plan.

Calculating Net Present Value (NPV) at 15%

After working through various assumptions we reached a conclusion that risk is far higher than 6%. In a reasonably stable industry with weak competition - 15% discount rate can be a good benchmark.



Years              Cash Flow     Net Cash Flow     Cumulative    
Cash Flow
Discount Rate
@ 15 %
Discounted
Cash Flows
Year 0 (10013128) -10013128 - -
Year 1 3455598 -6557530 3455598 0.8696 3004868
Year 2 3956936 -2600594 7412534 0.7561 2992012
Year 3 3942500 1341906 11355034 0.6575 2592258
Year 4 3241513 4583419 14596547 0.5718 1853346
TOTAL 10442483


The Net NPV after 4 years is 429355

(10442483 - 10013128 )








Calculating Net Present Value (NPV) at 20%


If the risk component is high in the industry then we should go for a higher hurdle rate / discount rate of 20%.

Years              Cash Flow     Net Cash Flow     Cumulative    
Cash Flow
Discount Rate
@ 20 %
Discounted
Cash Flows
Year 0 (10013128) -10013128 - -
Year 1 3455598 -6557530 3455598 0.8333 2879665
Year 2 3956936 -2600594 7412534 0.6944 2747872
Year 3 3942500 1341906 11355034 0.5787 2281539
Year 4 3241513 4583419 14596547 0.4823 1563230
TOTAL 9472306


The Net NPV after 4 years is -540822

At 20% discount rate the NPV is negative (9472306 - 10013128 ) so ideally we can't select the project if macro and micro factors don't allow financial managers of Absentia Downtown to discount cash flow at lower discount rates such as 15%.





Acceptance Criteria of a Project based on NPV

Simplest Approach – If the investment project of Absentia Downtown has a NPV value higher than Zero then finance managers at Absentia Downtown can ACCEPT the project, otherwise they can reject the project. This means that project will deliver higher returns over the period of time than any alternate investment strategy.

In theory if the required rate of return or discount rate is chosen correctly by finance managers at Absentia Downtown, then the stock price of the Absentia Downtown should change by same amount of the NPV. In real world we know that share price also reflects various other factors that can be related to both macro and micro environment.

In the same vein – accepting the project with zero NPV should result in stagnant share price. Finance managers use discount rates as a measure of risk components in the project execution process.

Sensitivity Analysis

Project selection is often a far more complex decision than just choosing it based on the NPV number. Finance managers at Absentia Downtown should conduct a sensitivity analysis to better understand not only the inherent risk of the projects but also how those risks can be either factored in or mitigated during the project execution. Sensitivity analysis helps in –

What are the uncertainties surrounding the project Initial Cash Outlay (ICO’s). ICO’s often have several different components such as land, machinery, building, and other equipment.

What are the key aspects of the projects that need to be monitored, refined, and retuned for continuous delivery of projected cash flows.

What can impact the cash flow of the project.

What will be a multi year spillover effect of various taxation regulations.

Understanding of risks involved in the project.

Some of the assumptions while using the Discounted Cash Flow Methods –

Projects are assumed to be Mutually Exclusive – This is seldom the came in modern day giant organizations where projects are often inter-related and rejecting a project solely based on NPV can result in sunk cost from a related project.

Independent projects have independent cash flows – As explained in the marketing project – though the project may look independent but in reality it is not as the brand awareness project can be closely associated with the spending on sales promotions and product specific advertising.






Negotiation Strategy of THE BULLARD HOUSES - General Instructions

References & Further Readings

Ron Karp, David Gold, Mox Tan (2018), "THE BULLARD HOUSES - General Instructions Harvard Business Review Case Study. Published by HBR Publications.


Grandes SWOT Analysis / TOWS Matrix

Capital Goods , Construction Services


Sanyo Denki Co Ltd SWOT Analysis / TOWS Matrix

Capital Goods , Misc. Capital Goods


Cool Link SWOT Analysis / TOWS Matrix

Consumer/Non-Cyclical , Food Processing


Workman SWOT Analysis / TOWS Matrix

Services , Retail (Apparel)


Scandivanadium SWOT Analysis / TOWS Matrix

Basic Materials , Metal Mining


Sunworks SWOT Analysis / TOWS Matrix

Technology , Semiconductors


Voluntis SWOT Analysis / TOWS Matrix

Technology , Software & Programming


Kunming Dianchi Water SWOT Analysis / TOWS Matrix

Services , Waste Management Services