Employing Wiki for Knowledge Management as a Collaborative Information Repository: An NBC Universal Case Net Present Value (NPV) / MBA Resources

Introduction to Net Present Value (NPV) - What is Net Present Value (NPV) ? How it impacts financial decisions regarding project management?

NPV solution for Employing Wiki for Knowledge Management as a Collaborative Information Repository: An NBC Universal Case case study

At Oak Spring University, we provide corporate level professional Net Present Value (NPV) case study solution. Employing Wiki for Knowledge Management as a Collaborative Information Repository: An NBC Universal Case case study is a Harvard Business School (HBR) case study written by Danielle Bibbo, James Michelich, Eric Sprehe, Young Eun Lee. The Employing Wiki for Knowledge Management as a Collaborative Information Repository: An NBC Universal Case (referred as “Wiki Knowledge” from here on) case study provides evaluation & decision scenario in field of Technology & Operations. It also touches upon business topics such as - Value proposition, Social platforms.

The net present value (NPV) of an investment proposal is the present value of the proposal’s net cash flows less the proposal’s initial cash outflow. If a project’s NPV is greater than or equal to zero, the project should be accepted.

NPV = Present Value of Future Cash Flows LESS Project’s Initial Investment

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Case Description of Employing Wiki for Knowledge Management as a Collaborative Information Repository: An NBC Universal Case Case Study

The Web 2.0 era is nourished by the emergence of collaboration-conducive web applications, such as blogs, social networks, and wikis. Among these, Wiki has particularly revolutionized the way information is created and shared within a wide variety of organizations, such as educational institutions, research centers, and business enterprises. The technically undemanding nature of Wiki alleviates the burden of mastering cumbersome or complicated technologies, thereby encouraging personnel to share and archive valuable tacit knowledge with other members of the organization. As a result, Wiki helps mitigate the reluctance of members to share knowledge, resolving one of the most pronounced challenges in managerial efforts to capture, transfer, and store knowledge for the firm. This case study presents the inception of a wiki by the NBC Universal Software Engineering and Delivery Team and the expansion of the wiki to other departments in the firm, in particular to Peacock Productions, which specializes in programming of documentary TV programs. The Peacock Productions case demonstrates that Wiki can be a powerful tool for managing knowledge in business corporations, which must adapt quickly to changing market demands.

Case Authors : Danielle Bibbo, James Michelich, Eric Sprehe, Young Eun Lee

Topic : Technology & Operations

Related Areas : Social platforms

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Calculating Net Present Value (NPV) at 6% for Employing Wiki for Knowledge Management as a Collaborative Information Repository: An NBC Universal Case Case Study

Years	Cash Flow	Net Cash Flow	Cumulative     Cash Flow	Discount Rate @ 6 %	Discounted Cash Flows
Year 0	(10006800)	-10006800	-	-
Year 1	3464158	-6542642	3464158	0.9434	3268074
Year 2	3982534	-2560108	7446692	0.89	3544441
Year 3	3959839	1399731	11406531	0.8396	3324757
Year 4	3238829	4638560	14645360	0.7921	2565456
TOTAL			14645360		12702728

The Net Present Value at 6% discount rate is 2695928

In isolation the NPV number doesn't mean much but put in right context then it is one of the best method to evaluate project returns. In this article we will cover -

Different methods of capital budgeting

What is NPV & Formula of NPV,
How it is calculated,
How to use NPV number for project evaluation, and
Scenario Planning given risks and management priorities.

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Capital Budgeting Approaches

Methods of Capital Budgeting

There are four types of capital budgeting techniques that are widely used in the corporate world –

1. Payback Period
2. Profitability Index
3. Net Present Value
4. Internal Rate of Return

Apart from the Payback period method which is an additive method, rest of the methods are based on Discounted Cash Flow technique. Even though cash flow can be calculated based on the nature of the project, for the simplicity of the article we are assuming that all the expected cash flows are realized at the end of the year.

Discounted Cash Flow approaches provide a more objective basis for evaluating and selecting investment projects. They take into consideration both –

1. Timing of the expected cash flows – stockholders of Wiki Knowledge have higher preference for cash returns over 4-5 years rather than 10-15 years given the nature of the volatility in the industry.
2. Magnitude of both incoming and outgoing cash flows – Projects can be capital intensive, time intensive, or both. Wiki Knowledge shareholders have preference for diversified projects investment rather than prospective high income from a single capital intensive project.

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Formula and Steps to Calculate Net Present Value (NPV) of Employing Wiki for Knowledge Management as a Collaborative Information Repository: An NBC Universal Case

NPV = Net Cash In Flowt1 / (1+r)t1 + Net Cash In Flowt2 / (1+r)t2 + … Net Cash In Flowtn / (1+r)tn
Less Net Cash Out Flowt0 / (1+r)t0

Where t = time period, in this case year 1, year 2 and so on.
r = discount rate or return that could be earned using other safe proposition such as fixed deposit or treasury bond rate. Net Cash In Flow – What the firm will get each year.
Net Cash Out Flow – What the firm needs to invest initially in the project.

Step 1 – Understand the nature of the project and calculate cash flow for each year.
Step 2 – Discount those cash flow based on the discount rate.
Step 3 – Add all the discounted cash flow.
Step 4 – Selection of the project

Why Technology & Operations Managers need to know Financial Tools such as Net Present Value (NPV)?

In our daily workplace we often come across people and colleagues who are just focused on their core competency and targets they have to deliver. For example marketing managers at Wiki Knowledge often design programs whose objective is to drive brand awareness and customer reach. But how that 30 point increase in brand awareness or 10 point increase in customer touch points will result into shareholders’ value is not specified.

To overcome such scenarios managers at Wiki Knowledge needs to not only know the financial aspect of project management but also needs to have tools to integrate them into part of the project development and monitoring plan.

Calculating Net Present Value (NPV) at 15%

After working through various assumptions we reached a conclusion that risk is far higher than 6%. In a reasonably stable industry with weak competition - 15% discount rate can be a good benchmark.

Years	Cash Flow	Net Cash Flow	Cumulative     Cash Flow	Discount Rate @ 15 %	Discounted Cash Flows
Year 0	(10006800)	-10006800	-	-
Year 1	3464158	-6542642	3464158	0.8696	3012311
Year 2	3982534	-2560108	7446692	0.7561	3011368
Year 3	3959839	1399731	11406531	0.6575	2603658
Year 4	3238829	4638560	14645360	0.5718	1851811
TOTAL					10479149

The Net NPV after 4 years is 472349

(10479149 - 10006800 )

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Calculating Net Present Value (NPV) at 20%

If the risk component is high in the industry then we should go for a higher hurdle rate / discount rate of 20%.

Years	Cash Flow	Net Cash Flow	Cumulative     Cash Flow	Discount Rate @ 20 %	Discounted Cash Flows
Year 0	(10006800)	-10006800	-	-
Year 1	3464158	-6542642	3464158	0.8333	2886798
Year 2	3982534	-2560108	7446692	0.6944	2765649
Year 3	3959839	1399731	11406531	0.5787	2291573
Year 4	3238829	4638560	14645360	0.4823	1561935
TOTAL					9505956

The Net NPV after 4 years is -500844

At 20% discount rate the NPV is negative (9505956 - 10006800 ) so ideally we can't select the project if macro and micro factors don't allow financial managers of Wiki Knowledge to discount cash flow at lower discount rates such as 15%.

Acceptance Criteria of a Project based on NPV

Simplest Approach – If the investment project of Wiki Knowledge has a NPV value higher than Zero then finance managers at Wiki Knowledge can ACCEPT the project, otherwise they can reject the project. This means that project will deliver higher returns over the period of time than any alternate investment strategy.

In theory if the required rate of return or discount rate is chosen correctly by finance managers at Wiki Knowledge, then the stock price of the Wiki Knowledge should change by same amount of the NPV. In real world we know that share price also reflects various other factors that can be related to both macro and micro environment.

In the same vein – accepting the project with zero NPV should result in stagnant share price. Finance managers use discount rates as a measure of risk components in the project execution process.

Sensitivity Analysis

Project selection is often a far more complex decision than just choosing it based on the NPV number. Finance managers at Wiki Knowledge should conduct a sensitivity analysis to better understand not only the inherent risk of the projects but also how those risks can be either factored in or mitigated during the project execution. Sensitivity analysis helps in –

What are the uncertainties surrounding the project Initial Cash Outlay (ICO’s). ICO’s often have several different components such as land, machinery, building, and other equipment.

What will be a multi year spillover effect of various taxation regulations.

What can impact the cash flow of the project.

Understanding of risks involved in the project.

What are the key aspects of the projects that need to be monitored, refined, and retuned for continuous delivery of projected cash flows.

Some of the assumptions while using the Discounted Cash Flow Methods –

Projects are assumed to be Mutually Exclusive – This is seldom the came in modern day giant organizations where projects are often inter-related and rejecting a project solely based on NPV can result in sunk cost from a related project.

Independent projects have independent cash flows – As explained in the marketing project – though the project may look independent but in reality it is not as the brand awareness project can be closely associated with the spending on sales promotions and product specific advertising.

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Negotiation Strategy of Employing Wiki for Knowledge Management as a Collaborative Information Repository: An NBC Universal Case

References & Further Readings

Danielle Bibbo, James Michelich, Eric Sprehe, Young Eun Lee (2018), "Employing Wiki for Knowledge Management as a Collaborative Information Repository: An NBC Universal Case Harvard Business Review Case Study. Published by HBR Publications.